Which is correct: "has died" or "died"?

Question

To me, using Present Perfect form means the event can occur again. So, saying

someone has died

may not be grammatically correct.

Also, I noticed (it might be just coincidence):

passed away

is used more often than

has passed away

Is using Present Perfect correct here?

possible duplicate of When is the present perfect tense used instead of the past tense? — FumbleFingers, Apr 04 '12 at 21:47
@FumbleFingers, my question is not about difference between usage of Present Perfect vs. Past. The question is about the particular phrase seen very often (when someone dies) — Igor Turman, Apr 04 '12 at 21:51
Someone has died** (as opposed to someone died) when the death is so recent it can be seen as "still ongoing" (or "news"). — FumbleFingers, Apr 04 '12 at 21:53
Okay, well look at this previous question or this one for alternatives to died. — FumbleFingers, Apr 04 '12 at 21:56
You'll usually find "John has passed away." as a complete sentence (it's ongoing/news). But "John passed away last night" is more reporting a "past" event. — FumbleFingers, Apr 04 '12 at 22:01
Thanks @FumbleFingers! See your point. Will wait to see what other people say — Igor Turman, Apr 04 '12 at 22:04
Still cannot justify using "ongoing" in relation to death. Even if it just happened, it [death] cannot be "ongoing". IMO — Igor Turman, Apr 04 '12 at 22:10
You might want to look at this NGram, which I think will bear out my point that the more common passed away is normally followed by when. The less common *has passed away* is usually so recent there's no need to specify when. — FumbleFingers, Apr 04 '12 at 22:11
It's not the death that is ongoing, it's the "everyone-else-finding-out-about-someone's-death" that is ongoing. I think FumbleFingers' explanations are right on the mark. — JLG, Apr 04 '12 at 22:22

score 43 · Accepted Answer · edited Jun 15 '20 at 07:40

43

The Present Perfect Construction in English has the following uses (cf. McCawley 1971):

(a) The Universal sense of the Perfect, used to indicate that a state of affairs prevailed throughout some interval stretching from the past into the present
• I've known Max since 1960.
(b) The Existential sense of the Perfect, used to indicate the existence of past events,
• I have read Principia Mathematica five times.
(c) The Stative/Resultative sense of the Perfect,
used to indicate that the direct effect of a past event still continues
• I can't come to your party tonight - I've caught the flu.
(d) The Hot News sense of the Perfect, used to report hot news
• Malcolm X has just been assassinated.

This, coupled with the prohibition on the use of Present Perfect with subjects who are dead

Madonna has visited Chicago.
*Einstein has visited Chicago.

means that X has died is only appropriate in a context in which
the speaker believes that the addressee would not yet know that X is dead.

Executive Summary: If it's Hot News, use the Present Perfect; but if it's Old News, simple past.

McCawley, James D. 1971. Tense and time reference in English.
In C. Fillmore and T. Langendoen (eds.), Studies in Linguistic Semantics
New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, pp 96-113.

edited Jun 15 '20 at 07:40

Community

1

answered Apr 04 '12 at 23:04

John Lawler

107,887

1

+1 for detailed explanation. Your answer kind of confirms what other people said in their comments but provides better reasoning – Igor Turman Apr 04 '12 at 23:21
3

+1 for a nice summary of Present Perfect usage. After all, who knows how long it will be around, given that 'the term "Future Perfect" has been abandoned since it was discovered not to be' (Douglas Adams)? – Amos M. Carpenter Apr 05 '12 at 03:42
2

Some people say if you analyse a beautiful piece of nature or art you somehow reduce it, but I'm not one of them. I love seeing the bare bones of something I "know" about language usage (but can't fully articulate) laid bare so clearly. I look forward to closing an endless stream of related future questions in favour of this one! – FumbleFingers Apr 05 '12 at 12:21
It doesn't really matter what comes before the have, or what tense it is (Present and Perfect are on offer today). These are the semantic properties of the *Perfect Construction*, which is one of the parts of the Verb Phrase. If one learns to look for Constructions instead of spurious "tenses", it's easy enough to see the bones and sinews. – John Lawler Apr 05 '12 at 14:08
3

@JohnLawler, How about "All the great thinkers of our time, including Einstein, have visited Princeton"? The example is from Declerck, Reed, and Cappelle 2006. – Alex B. May 30 '12 at 22:30
2

First approximations only in answers to questions like this. Sentences like those are the kind that keep syntacticians awake. – John Lawler May 30 '12 at 22:32

Which is correct: "has died" or "died"?

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