Al-Ard
Al-Ard (Arabic: الارض, "The Land;" sometimes called "the Land movement") was a Palestinian political movement made up of Arab citizens of Israel. It was active between 1958 and some time in the 1970s.
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The movement was established by Sabri Jiryis, Habib Qahwaji, Salih Baransi, Mansur Qardawsh, and Muhammad Miari.[1] It attracted international attention.[2][3] Israeli geography scholar Oren Yiftachel characterized its activities as among "the most notable occasions expressing antigovernment resistance" by the Palestinian minority in Israel.[4]
The political movement's goal was, according to political historian David McDowall, "to achieve complete equality and social justice for all classes of people in Israel" and "to find a just solution for the Palestine problem as a whole, and as an indivisible unit."[3]
Following unsuccessful efforts to secure registration of the organization as an Israeli NGO and secure it a publishing permit,[2][5] it was outlawed in 1964.
Al-Ard's disappearance as a movement was linked both to governmental and popular resistance, with the Israeli Community Party denouncing the group and Palestinian Arab communities inside of Israel concerned that Al-Ard might destroy them.[2][6]
See also
References
- Bryan Daves. "Ard, Al". .encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
Citing Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa
- Kimmerling and Migdal, 2003, p. 197.
- McDowall, 1990, p. 150.
- Yiftachel, Oren (2000). ""Ethnocracy" and Its Discontents: Minorities, Protests, and the Israeli Polity". Critical Inquiry. 26 (4): 747. ISSN 0093-1896.
- Smooha, 1978, p. 215.
- Kaufman, 1987, p. 63.
Bibliography
- Dinstein, Yoram (1989), Yoram Dinstein (ed.), Israel Yearbook on Human Rights Volume 1, 1971, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, ISBN 978-0-7923-0351-0
- Frankel, William (1988), Survey of Jewish affairs, Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, ISBN 978-0-8386-3343-4
- Harris, Ron (2004). "Constitutional Law of Israel - A Case Study in the Banning of Political Parties: The Pan-Arab Movement El Ard and the Israeli Supreme Court". Bepress Legal Series. 349.
- Kimmerling, Baruch; Migdal, Joel S. (2003), The Palestinian people: a history (Illustrated ed.), Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0-674-01129-8
- Jiryis, Sabri (1976): The Arabs in Israel, 1st American edition ISBN 0-85345-377-2 (updated from the 1966 ed.) With a foreword by Noam Chomsky.
- Lustick, Ian (1980): Arabs in the Jewish State : Israel's control of a national minority. Austin : University of Texas Press, (al-Ard: p.128, 249)
- McDowall, David (1990). Palestine and Israel: the uprising and beyond (Reprint, illustrated ed.). I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-1-85043-289-0.
- Payes, Shany (2005). Palestinian NGOs in Israel: the politics of civil society (Illustrated ed.). I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-85043-630-0.
- Rizvi, Arif H. (1980). Contemporary West Asian scene: a selection of papers presented at a seminar held at Aligarh. Centre of West Asian Studies, Aligarh Muslim University.
- Smooha, Sammy (1978), Israel, pluralism and conflict, Taylor & Francis, ISBN 978-0-7100-8511-5
- Yishai, Yael (1991), Land of paradoxes: interest politics in Israel (Illustrated ed.), SUNY Press, ISBN 978-0-7914-0725-7
- Zureik, Elia (1979), The Palestinians in Israel: a study in internal colonialism, Routledge, ISBN 978-0-7100-0016-3