Father of the House (United Kingdom)

The father of the House is a title that is bestowed on the senior member of the House of Commons who has the longest continuous service. If two or more members have the same length of current uninterrupted service, then whoever was sworn in earliest, as listed in Hansard, is named as Father of the House.[1]

Father of the House
Incumbent
Sir Peter Bottomley
since 13 December 2019
House of Commons of the United Kingdom
Member ofHouse of Commons
SeatWestminster
First holderWilliam Wither Bramston Beach
circa. 1899

The only formal duty of the father of the House is to preside over the election of the speaker of the House of Commons. However, the relevant Standing Order does not refer to this member by the title of "Father of the House", but instead to the longest-serving member of the House present who is not a minister of the Crown. Until 1971, the clerk of the House of Commons presided over the election of the Speaker. As the clerk is never a member, and therefore is not permitted to speak, he would silently stand and point at the Member who was to speak. However, this procedure broke down at the election of a new Speaker in 1971 and was changed upon the recommendation of a select committee.[2]

Since the 2019 general election, Sir Peter Bottomley, who has been an MP continuously since 1975, has been Father of the House. His grandmother's cousin Robin Turton was also Father. The previous Father was Kenneth Clarke[3] who became Father in 2017 after the death of Sir Gerald Kaufman. Both Kaufman and Clarke began their continuous service at the 1970 general election, but Kaufman was sworn in ahead of Clarke.[4][5][1] Dennis Skinner also began continuous service at the 1970 general election, but was sworn in after Clarke. Clarke declined to seek re-election in 2019 and retired from the Commons. Skinner contested the 2019 election, so would have succeeded Clarke as Father, but was defeated.

History

Historically, the father of the House was not a clearly defined term, and it is not clear by what process it was used for individual Members. The first recorded usage of the term dates to 1788, in an obituary of Thomas Noel; it is also attested in an engraved portrait of Whitshed Keene by Charles Picart, from 1816. It may have been interpreted at various times as the oldest member, the member with the longest total service, the member with the longest unbroken service (the modern definition), or the member who entered the House longest ago. There is also some evidence that in the late 19th century, the position may have been elected. The modern definition was not settled upon until the late 1890s.[6]

After the Second World War, a convention arose that the father would normally be a member of the Select Committee on Privileges, but this lapsed following the establishment of the modern Standards and Privileges Committee in the 1990s.[6]

Among the twentieth-century fathers, there were several very prominent figures; four former Prime Ministers became Father of the House, and a fifth, Henry Campbell-Bannerman was simultaneously Father of the House and Prime Minister from May 1907 until soon before his death during April 1908. Almost all have been Privy Councillors.[6]

To date, all holders of the position have been men.[6] In 2015 Harriet Harman described herself as the 'Mother of the House' as she was the longest continuously serving woman MP.[7] David Cameron referred to her as the Mother the week after,[8] and Theresa May referred to Harriet Harman as the Mother of the House in 2017.[9] Harman had in fact been the longest serving female MP since at least 2010.

List of fathers of the House since 1899

This list covers all fathers of the House since W.W. Beach, the first to become Father after the modern approach (longest period of continuous service) was agreed in 1898.[6] Those who died as fathers are indicated by a †.

Name Entered Parliament Father (Standing Order No 1) Left House Party Constituency
William Wither Bramston Beach185718991901† ConservativeNorth Hampshire (1857–85)
Andover (1885–1901)
Michael Hicks Beach186419011906 ConservativeGloucestershire East (1864–85)
Bristol West (1885–1906)
George Finch186719061907† ConservativeRutland
Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman186819071908† LiberalStirling Burghs
Sir John Kennaway, 3rd Baronet187019081910 ConservativeEast Devon (1870–85)
Honiton (1885–1910)
Thomas Burt187419101918 Lib-LabMorpeth
T. P. O'Connor188019181929† Irish NationalistGalway Borough (1880–85)
Liverpool Scotland (1885–1929)
David Lloyd George189019291945 LiberalCaernarvon Boroughs
The Earl Winterton190419451951 ConservativeHorsham (1904–18, 1945–51)
Horsham and Worthing (1918–45)
Sir Hugh O'Neill191519511952 UUPMid Antrim (1915–22)
Antrim (1922–50)
North Antrim (1950–52)
David Grenfell192219521959 LabourGower
Sir Winston Churchill 1900
continuous from 1924		 1959 1964 ConservativeOldham (1900–04)
LiberalOldham (1904–06)
Manchester North West (1906–08)
Dundee (1908–22)
ConservativeEpping (1924–45)
Woodford (1945–64)
R. A. Butler192919641965 ConservativeSaffron Walden
Sir Robin Turton192919651974 ConservativeThirsk and Malton
George Strauss1929
continuous from 1934		19741979 LabourLambeth North (1929–31, 1934–50)
Vauxhall (1950–79)
John Parker193519791983 LabourRomford (1935–45)
Dagenham (1945–83)
James Callaghan194519831987 LabourCardiff South (1945–50)
Cardiff South East (1950–83)
Cardiff South and Penarth (1983–87)
Sir Bernard Braine195019871992 ConservativeBillericay (1950–55)
South East Essex (1955–83)
Castle Point (1983–92)
Sir Edward Heath195019922001 ConservativeBexley (1950–74)
Sidcup (1974–83)
Old Bexley and Sidcup (1983–2001)
Sir Thomas Dalyell, 11th Baronet196220012005 LabourWest Lothian (1962–83)
Linlithgow (1983–2005)
Alan Williams196420052010 LabourSwansea West
Sir Peter Tapsell1959
continuous from 1966		20102015 ConservativeNottingham West (1959–64)
Horncastle (1966–83)
East Lindsey (1983–97)
Louth and Horncastle (1997–2015)
Sir Gerald Kaufman197020152017† LabourManchester Ardwick (1970–83)
Manchester Gorton (1983–2017)
Kenneth Clarke197020172019 Conservative (1970–2019)Rushcliffe
Independent (2019)
Sir Peter Bottomley19752019Incumbent ConservativeWoolwich West (1975–83)
Eltham (1983–97)
Worthing West (1997–present)

Earlier "fathers"

This list covers all those who would have been considered Father of the House, by the modern definition, since an arbitrary date of 1701. Many of these will not have been considered "Father of the House" by contemporaries, and some men who were described as such are not listed here. These men served in the Parliament of England until the 1707 Acts of Union and from thereafter until the end of 1800 in the Parliament of Great Britain.

Name Entered Parliament Father (Standing Order No 1) Left House Party Constituency
Sir John Fagg1645
continuous from 1653		17011701†Steyning
Thomas Turgis165917011704†Gatton
Sir Christopher Musgrave, 4th Baronet166117041704†Westmorland
Thomas Strangways167317041713Dorset
Sir Richard Onslow167917131715 WhigGuildford (1713–14)
Surrey (1714–15)
Thomas Erle167917151718 WhigWareham
Edward Vaughan167917181718† WhigCardiganshire
Richard Vaughan1685
continuous from 1689		17181724† WhigCarmarthen
Lord William Powlett168917241729† ToryWinchester (1689–1710, 1715–29)
Lymington (1710–15)
Sir Justinian Isham, 4th Baronet1685
continuous from 1694		17291730† ToryNorthampton (1685–90, 1694–98)
Northamptonshire (1698–30)
Sir Charles Turner, 1st Baronet169517301738† ToryKing's Lynn
Sir Roger Bradshaigh169517381747† ToryWigan
Sir Edward Ashe169517471747 ToryHeytesbury
Sir Thomas Cartwright1695
continuous from 1701		17471748† ToryNorthamptonshire
Sir Richard Shuttleworth170517481749† ToryLancashire
Phillips Gybbon170717491762† WhigRye
Sir John Rushout, 4th Baronet171317621768 ToryMalmesbury (1713–22)
Evesham (1722–68)
William Aislabie172117681781† WhigRipon
Charles FitzRoy-Scudamore173317811782† WhigThetford (1733–54, 1774–82)
Hereford (1754–68)
Heytesbury (1768–74)
The Earl Nugent174117821784 TorySt Mawes (1741–54, 1774–84)
Bristol (1754–74)
Sir Charles Frederick174117841784 ToryNew Shoreham (1741–54)
Queenborough (1754–84)
The Lord Mendip174117841790 ToryCricklade (1741–47)
Weymouth and Melcombe Regis (1747–61, 1774–90)
Aylesbury (1761–68)
Petersfield (1768–74, 1791–95)
William Drake174617901796†Amersham
Sir Philip Stephens, 1st Baronet175917961806 ToryLiskeard (1759–68)
Sandwich (1768–1801)
Clement Tudway176118061815† ToryWells
Sir John Aubrey, 6th Baronet176818151826† ToryWallingford (1768–74, 1780–84)
Aylesbury (1774–1780)
Buckinghamshire (1780–90)
Clitheroe (1790–96)
Aldeburgh (1796–1812)
Steyning (1812–20)
Horsham (1820–26)
Sir Samuel Smith178818261832 TorySt Germans (1788–90)
Leicester (1790–1818)
Midhurst (1818–20)
Wendover (1820–32)
George Byng179018321847† WhigMiddlesex
Charles Williams-Wynn179718471850† Tory (1797–1834)Old Sarum (1797–99)
Montgomeryshire (1797–1850)
Conservative (1834–50)
George Harcourt180618501861† Whig (1806–35)Lichfield (1806–31)
Oxfordshire (1831–61)
Conservative (1835–57)
Peelite (1857–59)
Liberal (1859–61)
Sir Charles Burrell, 3rd Baronet180618611862† Tory (1806–34)New Shoreham
Conservative (1834–62)
Henry Cecil Lowther181218621867† Tory (1812–34)Westmorland
Conservative (1834–67)
Thomas Peers Williams182018671868 Tory (1820–34)Marlow
Conservative (1834–68)
Henry Lowry-Corry182518681873† Tory (1825–34)Tyrone
Irish Conservative
(1834–73)
George Weld-Forester182818731874 Tory (1828–34)Wenlock
Conservative (1834–74)
Christopher Rice Mansel Talbot183018741890† Whig (1830–59)Glamorganshire (1830–85)
Mid Glamorganshire (1885–90)
Liberal (1859–90)
Charles Pelham Villiers183518901898† Liberal (1835–86)Wolverhampton (1835–85)
Wolverhampton South (1885–98)
Liberal Unionist (1886–98)
Sir John Mowbray, 1st Baronet185318981899† ConservativeDurham City (1853–85)
Oxford University (1885–99)

Longest-serving member of the House of Lords

The title 'Father of the House' is not used in the House of Lords.[6] The longest-serving member is recorded on the House website, though no duties or special distinctions are associated with the position.[10] As of 2024, the longest-serving member is The Lord Trefgarne (Conservative), who first took his seat on 3 July 1962[11] (having succeeded his father in the peerage in 1960 while still a minor). The House of Lords Act 1999 repealed the automatic right of hereditary peers to be members of the House of Lords; Trefgarne was one of those elected to continue as a member under section 2 of the Act.

As of 2024, the longest-serving life peer is The Baroness Cox (Crossbencher), who is also the longest-serving female member of the House. She first took her seat on 2 March 1983.[12]

The below table lists the longest continuously serving members of the Lords, in the order they achieved that status. Prior to 1898, the longest continuously-serving member of the House of Lords, as with his counterpart in the Commons, was not necessarily considered the senior-most member of that chamber.

Peer Most senior title
in the peerage of		 Entitled to seat in Lords as
(if with a different peerage or as an elected peer)		 Party affiliation Time served
(from when first taking seat)		 Tenure Became
longest-serving
member		 Tenure as
longest-serving
member
George Wyndham, 3rd Earl of Egremont Great Britain - Whig 15 February 1773–11 November 1837[13] 64 years, 269 days
John Fane, 10th Earl of Westmorland England - Tory 8 February 1780–15 December 1841[14] 61 years, 310 days 11 November 1837 4 years, 34 days
Henry Nevill, 2nd Earl of Abergavenny Great Britain - Whig 23 January 1787–27 March 1843[15] 56 years, 63 days 15 December 1841 1 year, 102 days
William Cathcart, 1st Earl Cathcart Scotland Scottish Representative Peer (1788–1812)[lower-alpha 1]

1st Viscount Cathcart
(United Kingdom, from 1807)

1st Earl Cathcart
(United Kingdom, from 1814)

 - 1 February 1788–16 June 1843[16] 55 years, 135 days 27 March 1843 81 days
George Boyle, 4th Earl of Glasgow Scotland Scottish Representative Peer (1790–1818)[lower-alpha 1]

1st Baron Ross
(United Kingdom, from 1815)

 Tory 25 November 1790–6 July 1843[17] 52 years, 223 days 16 June 1843 20 days
George Rice, 3rd Baron Dynevor Great Britain - Tory 17 April 1793–9 April 1852[18] 58 years, 358 days 6 July 1843 8 years, 278 days
Edward Digby, 2nd Earl Digby Great Britain - - 14 May 1794–12 May 1856[19] 61 years, 364 days 9 April 1852 4 years, 33 days
William Amherst, 1st Earl Amherst United Kingdom 2nd Baron Amherst
(Great Britain, from 1797)

1st Earl Amherst
(United Kingdom, from 1826)

 - 8 November 1797–13 March 1857[20] 59 years, 125 days 12 May 1856 305 days
John Rushout, 2nd Baron Northwick Great Britain - - 17 April 1801–20 January 1859[21] 57 years, 278 days 13 March 1857 1 year, 313 days
Thomas de Grey, 2nd Earl de Grey United Kingdom 3rd Baron Grantham
(Great Britain, from 1803)

2nd Earl de Grey
(United Kingdom, from 1833)

 Tory 23 May 1803–14 November 1859[22] 56 years, 175 days 20 January 1859 298 days
Robert Haldane-Duncan, 1st Earl of Camperdown United Kingdom 2nd Viscount Duncan
(Great Britain, from 1806)

1st Earl of Camperdown
(United Kingdom, from 1831)

 - 15 April 1806–22 December 1859[23] 53 years, 251 days 14 November 1859 38 days
George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen Scotland Scottish Representative Peer (1806–1818)[lower-alpha 1]

1st Viscount Gordon
(United Kingdom, from 1814)

 Tory
(1806–1834)

Conservative (1834–1846; Peelite: 1846–1859)

Liberal (1859-1860)

 17 December 1806–14 December 1860[24] 53 years, 363 days 22 December 1859 358 days
Thomas Hay-Drummond, 11th Earl of Kinnoull Scotland 4th Baron Hay of Pedwardine
(Great Britain)[lower-alpha 1]		 Conservative 11 March 1807–18 February 1866[25] 58 years, 344 days 14 December 1860 5 years, 66 days
Augustus FitzGerald, 3rd Duke of Leinster Ireland 3rd Viscount Leinster
(Great Britain)		 - 3 February 1813–10 October 1874[26] 61 years, 249 days 18 February 1866 8 years, 234 days
Henry Gage, 4th Viscount Gage Ireland 3rd Baron Gage
(Great Britain)		 - 18 February 1813–20 January 1877[27] 63 years, 337 days 10 October 1874 2 years, 102 days
Thomas Egerton, 2nd Earl of Wilton United Kingdom Conservative 22 June 1821–7 March 1882[28] 60 years, 258 days 20 January 1877 5 years, 46 days
Stephen Moore, 3rd Earl Mount Cashell Ireland Irish Representative Peer - 19 February 1827–10 October 1883[29] 56 years, 233 days 7 March 1882 1 year, 217 days
Henry Pelham, 3rd Earl of Chichester United Kingdom - 26 February 1827–15 March 1886[30] 59 years, 17 days 10 October 1883 2 years, 156 days
John Freeman-Mitford, 1st Earl of Redesdale United Kingdom 2nd Baron Redesdale (United Kingdom, from 1830)

1st Earl of Redesdale (United Kingdom, from 1877)

 - 22 February 1830–2 May 1886[31] 56 years, 69 days 15 March 1886 48 days
John Townshend, 1st Earl Sydney United Kingdom 3rd Viscount Sydney (Great Britain, from 1831)

1st Earl Sydney
(United Kingdom, from 1874)

 Liberal 25 February 1831–14 February 1890[32] 58 years, 354 days 2 May 1886 3 years, 288 days
William King-Noel, 1st Earl of Lovelace United Kingdom 8th Baron King
(Great Britain, from 1833)

1st Earl of Lovelace
(United Kingdom, from 1838)

 - 26 July 1833–29 December 1893[32] 60 years, 156 days 14 February 1890 3 years, 318 days
Hungerford Crewe, 3rd Baron Crewe United Kingdom - - 15 February 1836–3 January 1894[32] 57 years, 322 days 29 December 1893 5 days
William Murray, 4th and 3rd Earl of Mansfield Great Britain - Conservative 12 May 1840–1 August 1898[32] 58 years, 81 days 3 January 1894 4 years, 210 days
Harry Chichester, 2nd Baron Templemore United Kingdom - - 15 June 1842–10 June 1906[32] 63 years, 360 days 1 August 1898 7 years, 313 days
Thomas Coke, 2nd Earl of Leicester United Kingdom - - 29 April 1844–24 January 1909[32] 64 years, 270 days 10 June 1906 2 years, 228 days
Horatio Nelson, 3rd Earl Nelson United Kingdom - Conservative 4 February 1845–25 February 1913[33] 68 years, 21 days 24 January 1909 4 years, 32 days
Henry Reynolds-Moreton, 3rd Earl of Ducie United Kingdom - Liberal 22 July 1853–28 October 1921[32] 68 years, 98 days 25 February 1913 8 years, 245 days
George Coventry, 9th Earl of Coventry England - Conservative 6 June 1859–13 March 1930[34] 70 years, 280 days 28 October 1921 8 years, 136 days
Robert Devereux, 16th Viscount Hereford England - - 13 June 1864–27 March 1930[35] 65 years, 287 days 13 March 1930 14 days
Charles Gordon, 11th Marquess of Huntly Scotland 3rd Baron Meldrum (United Kingdom)[lower-alpha 1] Liberal 3 May 1869–20 February 1937[36] 67 years, 293 days 27 March 1930 6 years, 330 days
Archibald Kennedy, 3rd Marquess of Ailsa United Kingdom - - 4 June 1872–9 April 1938[37] 65 years, 309 days 20 February 1937 1 year, 48 days
Prince Arthur, 1st Duke of Connaught and Strathearn United Kingdom - - 8 June 1874–16 January 1942[38] 67 years, 222 days 9 April 1938 3 years, 282 days
John Norton, 5th Baron Grantley Great Britain - - 24 May 1878–5 August 1943[39] 65 years, 73 days 16 January 1942 1 year, 201 days
Hugh Lowther, 5th Earl of Lonsdale United Kingdom - - 31 May 1883–13 April 1944[40] 60 years, 318 days 5 August 1943 252 days
Aldred Lumley, 10th Earl of Scarbrough England - - 19 February 1885–4 March 1945[41] 60 years, 13 days 13 April 1944 325 days
Robert Crewe-Milnes, 1st Marquess of Crewe United Kingdom 2nd Baron Houghton
(United Kingdom, from 1885)

1st Earl of Crewe
(United Kingdom, from 1895)

1st Marquess of Crewe (United Kingdom, from 1911)

 Liberal 28 January 1886–20 June 1945[42] 59 years, 143 days 4 March 1945 108 days
George Rous, 3rd Earl of Stradbroke United Kingdom - Conservative 4 March 1886–20 December 1947[43] 61 years, 291 days 20 June 1945 2 years, 183 days
Charles FitzRoy, 4th Baron Southampton Great Britain - - 23 January 1891–7 December 1958[44] 67 years, 287 days 20 December 1947 10 years, 352 days
Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 9th Earl of Shaftesbury England - - 4 June 1891–25 March 1961[45] 69 years, 294 days 7 December 1958 2 years, 108 days
Henry Paulet, 16th Marquess of Winchester England - - 18 June 1900–28 June 1962[46] 62 years, 10 days 25 March 1961 1 year, 95 days
Bertram Gurdon, 2nd Baron Cranworth United Kingdom - - 12 June 1903–4 January 1964[47] 60 years, 206 days 28 June 1962 1 year, 190 days
Ralph Stonor, 5th Baron Camoys England - - 13 February 1906–3 August 1968[48] 62 years, 172 days 4 January 1964 4 years, 212 days
George Parker, 7th Earl of Macclesfield Great Britain - - 28 February 1910–20 September 1975[49] 65 years, 204 days 3 August 1968 7 years, 48 days
Roger Grey, 10th Earl of Stamford England - - 15 January 1918–18 August 1976[50] 58 years, 216 days 20 September 1975 333 days
William Compton, 6th Marquess of Northampton United Kingdom - Liberal 11 March 1919–30 January 1978[51] 58 years, 325 days 18 August 1976 1 year, 165 days
Randolph Stewart, 12th Earl of Galloway Scotland 6th Baron Stewart of Garlies
(Great Britain, from 1920)

12th Earl of Galloway
(Scotland, from 1963)[lower-alpha 1]

 - 28 April 1920–13 June 1978[52] 58 years, 46 days 30 January 1978 134 days
Arthur Hill, 7th Marquess of Downshire Ireland 7th Earl of Hillsborough
(Great Britain)		 - 18 May 1920–28 March 1989[53] 68 years, 314 days 13 June 1978 10 years, 288 days
Jeffery Amherst, 5th Earl Amherst United Kingdom - Liberal Democrat 17 May 1927–4 March 1993[54][55] 65 years, 291 days 28 March 1989 3 years, 341 days
Dominick Browne, 4th Baron Oranmore and Browne Ireland 2nd Baron Mereworth
(United Kingdom)		 - 26 July 1927 – 11 November 1999[lower-alpha 2][56][57] 72 years, 108 days 4 March 1993 6 years, 252 days
Edward Douglas-Scott-Montagu, 3rd Baron Montagu of Beaulieu United Kingdom Elected to remain in October 1999. Conservative 7 November 1947–31 August 2015[58] 67 years, 297 days 11 November 1999[lower-alpha 3] 15 years, 293 days
Bertram Bowyer, 2nd Baron Denham United Kingdom Elected to remain in October 1999. Conservative 13 December 1949–26 April 2021[lower-alpha 4][61] 71 years, 134 days 31 August 2015 5 years, 238 days
David Trefgarne, 2nd Baron Trefgarne United Kingdom Elected to remain in October 1999. Conservative 3 July 1962[62] 61 years, 363 days 26 April 2021 3 years, 65 days

See also

Notes
  1. Until 31 July 1963, when the Peerage Act 1963 came into effect, peers in the Peerage of Scotland did not have the automatic right to sit in the House of Lords unless they were also peers in the peerages of England, Great Britain or the United Kingdom.
  2. Removed by the House of Lords Act 1999.
  3. Though at their deaths (in 2007 and in 2018, respectively) the Earl Jellicoe and the Lord Carrington were the longest-serving peers, neither had had an unbroken tenure as both had automatically lost their seats on 11 November 1999, and had returned to the Lords the following week as life peers.[59][60]
  4. Retired under the provisions of the House of Lords Reform Act 2014.

References
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  2. "The Speaker" (PDF). Westminster, United Kingdom: House of Commons Information Office. September 2003. pp. 4–5.
  3. "Boris Johnson to seek election after rebel Tories deliver Commons defeat". Retrieved 4 September 2019.
  4. "Members Sworn". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Hansard Digitisation Project. 30 June 1970. Retrieved 5 October 2009.
  5. "Members Sworn". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Hansard Digitisation Project. 1 July 1970. Retrieved 1 December 2009.
  6. Kelly, Richard (6 October 2016). "Father of the House: House of Commons Background Paper SN06399".
  7. Hansard, Volume 596. "debated on Monday 18 May 2015, Column 6". UK Parliament. Retrieved 15 October 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  8. Hansard, Volume 596. "debated on Monday 27 May 2015, Column 43". UK Parliament. Retrieved 15 October 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  9. "Election of Speaker". Hansard. UK: Commons. 13 June 2017.
  10. Parliament.UK – House of Lords FAQS – Membership and principal office holders at parliament.uk
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  12. "Baroness Cox (Hansard, 2 March 1983)". api.parliament.uk.
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  30. "Die Lunae, 26 February 1827". Journal of the House of Lords. 59. London: His Majesty's Stationery Office: 101–102. 1827 [26 February 1827]. Retrieved 20 January 2024.
  31. "Die Lunae, 22 February 1830". Journal of the House of Lords. 62. London: His Majesty's Stationery Office: 31–34. 1830 [22 February 1830]. Retrieved 2 January 2024.
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