Foreign born

Foreign-born (also non-native) people are those born outside of their country of residence. Foreign born are often non-citizens, but many are naturalized citizens of the country in which they live, and others are citizens by descent, typically through a parent.

For the band, see Foreign Born.
For broader coverage of this topic, see Nationality law.

The term foreign born encompasses both immigrants and expatriates but is not synonymous with either. Foreign born may, like immigrants, have committed to living in a country permanently or, like expatriates, live abroad for a significant period with the plan to return to their birth-country eventually.

The status of foreign born — particularly their access to citizenship — differs globally. The large groups of foreign-born guest workers in the Gulf Cooperation Council states, for example, have no right to citizenship no matter the length of their residence. In Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States, by contrast, foreign born are often citizens or in the process of becoming citizens. Certain countries have intermediary rules: in Germany and Japan it is often difficult but not impossible for the foreign born to become citizens.

Definition

The adjective foreign-born has two potential meanings:

  • "born in a country other than that in which one resides."[1]
  • "foreign by birth."[2]

The United Nations uses the first definition to estimate the international migrant stock, whenever this information is available. In countries lacking data on place of birth, the UN uses the country of citizenship instead.[3]

On the other hand, the United States Census Bureau defines foreign-born as "anyone who is not a U.S. citizen at birth", which includes persons who have become U.S. citizens through naturalization but excludes persons born abroad to a U.S. citizen parent or parents.

According to the UN: "Equating international migrants with foreign citizens when estimating the migrant stock has important shortcomings. In countries where citizenship is conferred on the basis of jus sanguinis, people who were born in the country of residence may be included in the number of international migrants even though they may have never lived abroad. Conversely, persons who were born abroad and who naturalized in their country of residence are excluded from the stock of international migrants when using citizenship as the criterion to define international migrants."[3]

See also: List of sovereign states and dependent territories by immigrant population
See also: Effects of immigration to the United States § Science and engineering

The percentage of foreign born in a country is the product mostly of immigration rates, but is also affected by emigration rates and birth and death rates in the destination country. For example, the United Kingdom and Ireland are destination countries for migrants from Eastern Europe, Africa, and Asia, but are themselves source countries for immigration to other English-speaking countries.

The Holy See is unique in having 100% of its population foreign-born, while Cuba is unique in having 0% of its population foreign-born. The region with the highest rate is Oceania, with 21%, while Asia has less than 1%.

Countries with immigration rates above 25% tend to be wealthy countries with relatively open migration or labour laws, including Singapore, Australia, New Zealand, Switzerland and the Persian Gulf states.

The largest foreign-born population in the world is in the United States, which was home to 39 million foreign-born residents in 2012, or 12.6% of the population.[4]

Cities with largest foreign born populations
Rank City Country Estimate source Foreign-born population Percentage
1LondonUnited KingdomONS 20213,576,000[5]40.6%
2New YorkUnited States2022 ACS3,133,149[6]36.3%
3SydneyAustralia2016 Census1,961,977[7]45.4%
4MelbourneAustralia2016 Census1,784,794[8]41.3%
5LimaPeru2023 United Nations Office of Peru1,586,880[9]17.5%
6TorontoCanadaCanada 2021 Census1,431,380[10][lower-alpha 1]51.9%
7Los AngelesUnited States2022 ACS1,395,920[11]36.0%
8MontréalCanadaCanada 2021 Census790,960[12][lower-alpha 1]40.9%
9BerlinGermanyBerlin-Brandenburg office of statistics, 2021789,07621%
10ViennaAustriaCity of Vienna 2023778,454[13]31.3%
11MadridSpain2019 Spain Census726,66922.2%
12AucklandNew ZealandStatistics New Zealand 2018714,48041.6%
13BrisbaneAustralia2016 Australian Census682,132[14]33.2%
14HoustonUnited States2022 ACS664,495[15]28.9%
15ChicagoUnited States2022 ACS550,888[16]20.2%
16CalgaryCanadaCanada 2021 Census457,665[17][lower-alpha 1]35.4%
17San JoseUnited States2022 ACS410,543[18]41.0%
18MississaugaCanadaCanada 2021 Census406,455[19][lower-alpha 1]57%
19BramptonCanadaCanada 2021 Census383,695[20][lower-alpha 1]59.1%
20San DiegoUnited States2022 ACS344,419[21]24.9%
21BogotáColombia2019352,4315%
22EdmontonCanadaCanada 2021 Census348,295[22][lower-alpha 1]34.9%
23HamburgGermany2021 ACS341,75924.7%
24MilanItalyIstat 2011324,378[23]10.7%
25VancouverCanadaCanada 2021 Census317,190[24][lower-alpha 1]48.8%
26BirminghamUnited KingdomONS 2021305,96325.6%
27OttawaCanadaCanada 2021 Census288,835[25]28.9%
28San FranciscoUnited States2022 ACS288,169[26]33.9%
29SurreyCanadaCanada 2021 Census285,620[27][lower-alpha 1]50.8%
30AmsterdamNetherlandsStatistics Netherlands 2019277,43132.1%
31MiamiUnited States2022 ACS256,805[28]57.9%
32StockholmSwedenStatistics Sweden 2019248,70825.5%
33LyonFranceFrance Unité urbaine de Lyon, INSEE 2020235,96914%
34WinnipegCanadaCanada 2021 Census231,135[29][lower-alpha 1]31.4%
35SantiagoChile2017 Census212,03710.2%
36MarseilleFranceUnité urbaine de Marseille-Aix, INSEE 2020193,74012%
37RotterdamNetherlandsStatistics Netherlands 2019184,21828.6%
38The HagueNetherlandsStatistics Netherlands 2019176,18332.8%
39ManchesterUnited KingdomONS 2021173,20831.4%
40OsloNorwayStatistics Norway 2019171,86825.2%
41GothenburgSwedenStatistics Sweden 2019159,34227.5%
42HamiltonCanadaCanada 2021 Census158,190[30][lower-alpha 1]28.2%
43CopenhagenDenmarkStatistics Denmark 2022134,40926.3%
44MalmöSwedenStatistics Sweden 2019118,32334.4%
45HelsinkiFinlandStatistics Finland 2021102,01615.5%

Metropolitan and urban regions with the largest foreign-born populations
  1. Data for the cities listed below is from numerous sources.
Rank[31] Metropolitan region /
urban area		 Country Foreign-born population Sources of immigrants
1New York metropolitan areaUnited States5,892,000[32]China, Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Ecuador, Guyana, Philippines, South Korea, Mexico, Peru, Bangladesh, Trinidad and Tobago, Haiti, Italy, Colombia, Poland, Russia, India, Pakistan, Brazil, Cuba, Nigeria, Ghana, Greece
2London and the home countiesUnited Kingdom5,623,701[5]India, Poland, Bangladesh, Romania, Pakistan, Italy, Turkey, Nigeria, Ireland, Sri Lanka, Jamaica, China, France, Ghana, Philippines, Portugal, South Africa, Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana, USA, Greece
3Los Angeles Metropolitan AreaUnited States5,541,000[32]Mexico, Bangladesh, the Philippines, El Salvador, China, Vietnam, South Korea, Guatemala, Ethiopia, Armenia, Iran, India, Nigeria, Colombia
4Greater Toronto AreaCanada3,507,895[33]India, China, Philippines, Pakistan, Hong Kong, Sri Lanka, Jamaica, Italy, Iran, United Kingdom, Guyana, Portugal, Vietnam, Poland, South Korea, United States, Trinidad and Tobago, Bangladesh, Iraq, Russia, Ukraine, Afghanistan, Egypt, Nigeria, Greece, Romania
5Paris metropolitan areaFrance3,041,148[34]Algeria, Portugal, Morocco, Tunisia, Spain, Romania, Turkey, China, Italy, Mali, Sri Lanka, Vietnam, Democratic Republic of Congo, Senegal, Cameroon
6Hong Kong (SAR)China2,793,450China, Indonesia, Philippines, Macau, Thailand, United Kingdom, France, India, Pakistan, Japan, United States, Canada
7San Francisco Bay AreaUnited States2,634,270[35][36]Mexico, China, Philippines, Vietnam, India, El Salvador, Bangladesh, South Korea, Taiwan, Iran, Russia
8Sydney Greater Capital City Statistical AreaAustralia2,071,872[37]China, United Kingdom, India, New Zealand, Vietnam, Philippines, South Korea, Lebanon, Sri Lanka
9Miami metropolitan areaUnited States1,949,629Cuba, Haiti, Colombia, Canada, Jamaica, Nicaragua, Venezuela, Dominican Republic, Honduras, Brazil, Panama, Peru, Bangladesh
10Melbourne Greater Capital City Statistical AreaAustralia1,801,139[38]India, China, Vietnam, New Zealand, England, Italy, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Greece, Philippines, South Africa, Hong Kong
11Chicago metropolitan areaUnited States1,625,649Mexico, India, Poland, Philippines, China, Palestine, Ukraine, Italy, Guatemala, Lithuania, Ghana, Nigeria, Jamaica, Cuba, Colombia, Trinidad and Tobago
12Brussels Urban AreaBelgium1,441,600France, Romania, Morocco, Italy, Spain, Poland, Portugal, Bulgaria, Germany
13Berlin Urban AreaGermany1,231,500Turkey, Russia, Poland, Syria, Italy, Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia, France, Vietnam, United Kingdom
14Singapore (city only)Singapore1,305,011Malaysia, China, India, Indonesia, Philippines, Bangladesh, Taiwan, Myanmar, South Korea
15Montreal Urban AreaCanada1,184,620Algeria, Morocco, Bangladesh, Romania, France, Haiti, Lebanon, Philippines, Vietnam, Italy, China
16Vancouver Lower MainlandCanada1,155,210Hong Kong, China, India, South Korea, Taiwan, Philippines, Bangladesh, Vietnam, Japan, Iran, Pakistan, Poland, United Kingdom, Italy, United States
17Moscow (city only)Russia1,128,035Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Azerbaijan, Moldova, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Armenia, Belarus
18Houston metropolitan areaUnited States1,113,875Mexico, El Salvador, Vietnam, India, Nigeria, China, Honduras, Philippines, Myanmar, Guatemala, Colombia
19Metropolitan DubaiUnited Arab Emirates1,056,000India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Philippines, Iran, Sri Lanka, United Kingdom
20Riyadh (city only)Saudi Arabia1,054,000Arab League, Pakistan, India, African Union, Bangladesh, Iran
21Washington metropolitan areaUnited States1,017,432El Salvador, China, Ethiopia, Mexico, South Korea, Nigeria, Philippines, Vietnam, Ghana, Bolivia
22Dallas–Fort Worth metroplexUnited States1,016,221Mexico, India, Vietnam, El Salvador, China, South Korea, Bangladesh, Honduras, Philippines
23Frankfurt Urban AreaGermany998,400Turkey, Italy, Croatia, Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, Russia, North Macedonia
24Tokyo Urban AreaJapan978,172China, South Korea, Philippines, Vietnam, United States, Brazil, Nepal, Taiwan, Peru, Thailand
Birmingham Urban AreaUnited Kingdom902,438India, Pakistan, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, Poland, Bangladesh, Romania, China, Italy, Albania, Nigeria, Somalia
25Barcelona Urban AreaSpain862,200Italy, Pakistan, China, Ecuador, Bolivia, Morocco, France
26Atlanta metropolitan areaUnited States861,208Mexico, India, Jamaica, South Korea, Bangladesh, China, Vietnam, Nigeria, Guatemala, El Salvador, Colombia
27 Brisbane Greater Capital City Statistical Area Australia 731,198 New Zealand, England, China, India, South Africa, Philippines, Vietnam, South Korea, Taiwan, Scotland, Malaysia
28Auckland Urban AreaNew Zealand662,298United Kingdom, China, India, Fiji, Samoa, Philippines, South Korea, Sri Lanka
29Stockholm CountySweden660,302[39]Finland, Iraq, Poland, Syria, Iran, Turkey, Eritrea, Afghanistan
30MuscatOman571,000Philippines, Pakistan, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh
31Milan Urban AreaItaly475,000Egypt, Philippines, China, Romania, Sri Lanka
32Greater CalgaryCanada460,790India, Pakistan, Philippines, United States, Nigeria, China, Lebanon, Vietnam, United Kingdom, Bangladesh, South Korea, Iran, Hong Kong, Ethiopia, Germany, European Union
33Greater EdmontonCanada363,825China, Bangladesh, Pakistan, India, Somalia, Hong Kong, Philippines, Lebanon
34Hamburg Metropolitan RegionGermany332,473[40]Turkey, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Italy, Spain, Ghana
35Greater ManchesterUnited Kingdom302,000Pakistan, China, Ireland, Bangladesh, Poland, Nigeria, India, Somalia, Jamaica, Iraq
36OttawaCanada266,910Italy, Bangladesh, Pakistan, India
37HelsinkiFinland213,290[41]Russia, Estonia, Somalia, Iraq, Sweden, China, Yugoslavia, Vietnam, India, Turkey
38WinnipegCanada207,915China, United Kingdom, Lebanon, United States, India, Philippines, Vietnam, Pakistan, Syria, Haiti, Iran, Somalia, Egypt, Italy, Iraq, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Germany, Jamaica, Russia, Bangladesh, Hong Kong
39Hannover–Braunschweig–Göttingen–Wolfsburg Metropolitan RegionGermany132,684Turkey, Serbia, Ukraine, Greece, Russia, Italy, Spain
40GenevaSwitzerland77,602France, Spain, Germany

See also

Notes
  1. Statistic includes all persons classified as 'Immigrants' and 'Non-permanent residents' on census.

    Statistics Canada defines 'Immigrants' as "persons who are, or who have ever been, landed immigrants or permanent residents. Such persons have been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this category."

    Statistics Canada defines 'Non-permanent residents' as "persons from another country with a usual place of residence in Canada and who have a work or study permit or who have claimed refugee status (asylum claimants). Family members living with work or study permit holders are also included, unless these family members are already Canadian citizens, landed immigrants or permanent residents."

References
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