Galactose mutarotase

GALM
Available structures
PDB	Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB
List of PDB id codes
	1SNZ, 1SO0
Identifiers
Aliases	GALM, BLOCK25, GLAT, HEL-S-63p, IBD1, galactose mutarotase (aldose 1-epimerase), galactose mutarotase, GALAC4
External IDs	OMIM: 137030; MGI: 2442420; HomoloGene: 71795; GeneCards: GALM; OMA:GALM - orthologs
Gene location (Human)
Chr.	Chromosome 2 (human)[1]
End	38,741,237 bp[1]
Gene location (Mouse)
Chr.	Chromosome 17 (mouse)[2]
End	80,492,530 bp[2]
RNA expression pattern
	Top expressed in
	right adrenal gland; ; right adrenal cortex; ; pancreatic ductal cell; ; left adrenal gland; ; left adrenal cortex; ; duodenum; ; right uterine tube; ; renal medulla; ; jejunal mucosa; ; human kidney;
	Top expressed in
	olfactory epithelium; ; lacrimal gland; ; vestibular membrane of cochlear duct; ; left lobe of liver; ; epithelium of stomach; ; jejunum; ; gallbladder; ; right kidney; ; primary oocyte; ; superior surface of tongue;
	More reference expression data
	n/a
Gene ontology
Molecular function	isomerase activity; aldose 1-epimerase activity; carbohydrate binding; catalytic activity;
Cellular component	extracellular exosome; cytoplasm;
Biological process	hexose metabolic process; glucose metabolic process; galactose metabolic process; galactose catabolic process via UDP-galactose; carbohydrate metabolic process;
	Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs
	130589
	319625
	ENSG00000143891
	ENSMUSG00000035473
	Q96C23
	Q8K157
	NM_138801
	NM_176963
	NP_620156
	NP_795937
	Wikidata
View/Edit Human	View/Edit Mouse

Galactose mutarotase (aldose 1-epimerase) (gene name GALM) is a human enzyme that reversibly converts α-aldose to the β-anomer.[5] This enzyme catalyzes the first step of the Leloir pathway, which is involved in galactose metabolism.[6] It belongs to family of aldose epimerases.

The two main amino acids in the enzyme active site are Glu 304, which acts as a Bronsted-Lowry base and abstracts a proton, and His 170, which acts as Bronsted-Lowry Acid to donate a proton to the galactose.[7]

References

GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000143891 – Ensembl, May 2017
GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000035473 – Ensembl, May 2017
"Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
"Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
Thoden JB, Timson DJ, Reece RJ, Holden HM (May 2004). "Molecular structure of human galactose mutarotase". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 279 (22): 23431–23437. doi:10.1074/jbc.M402347200. PMID 15026423.
Holden HM, Rayment I, Thoden JB (November 2003). "Structure and function of enzymes of the Leloir pathway for galactose metabolism". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 278 (45): 43885–43888. doi:10.1074/jbc.R300025200. PMID 12923184.
Thoden JB, Kim J, Raushel FM, Holden HM (May 2003). "The catalytic mechanism of galactose mutarotase". Protein Science. 12 (5): 1051–1059. doi:10.1110/ps.0243203. PMC 2323875. PMID 12717027.

External links

PDBe-KB provides an overview of all the structure information available in the PDB for Human Aldose 1-epimerase (Galactose mutarotase)

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[refGRCh38Ensembl-1] GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000143891 – Ensembl, May 2017

[refGRCm38Ensembl-2] GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000035473 – Ensembl, May 2017

[3] "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.

[4] "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.

[5] Thoden JB, Timson DJ, Reece RJ, Holden HM (May 2004). "Molecular structure of human galactose mutarotase". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 279 (22): 23431–23437. doi:10.1074/jbc.M402347200. PMID 15026423.

[6] Holden HM, Rayment I, Thoden JB (November 2003). "Structure and function of enzymes of the Leloir pathway for galactose metabolism". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 278 (45): 43885–43888. doi:10.1074/jbc.R300025200. PMID 12923184.

[7] Thoden JB, Kim J, Raushel FM, Holden HM (May 2003). "The catalytic mechanism of galactose mutarotase". Protein Science. 12 (5): 1051–1059. doi:10.1110/ps.0243203. PMC 2323875. PMID 12717027.