Gaurav Chakrabarty

Gaurav Chakrabarty is an Indian Bengali film and television actor best known for his portrayal of the character Prodipto Lahiri in the Bengali musical television series Gaaner Oparey that aired on Star Jalsha from 28 June 2010 to 16 April 2011.[1] Chakrabarty is also known for acting in the Bengali classic periodic thriller television series Byomkesh (2014-2015), where he played the role of iconic Bengali detective Byomkesh Bakshi. He hails from a family which has had a legacy of association with the Bengali cultural arena, starting from Jochhon Dastidar and Chandra Dastidar (his paternal great uncle and aunt), Bijon Bhattacharya (his paternal great uncle), Jagadish Chandra Chakrabarty & Monika Chakrabarty (his paternal grandparents), and his parents Sabyasachi Chakrabarty & Mithu Chakrabarty. He debuted on the big screen Kaushik Ganguly's Rang Milanti one of the most appreciated films of the year 2011.

Gaurav Chakrabarty
Gaurav in 2023
Born (1987-03-06) 6 March 1987
Other namesNiki
Alma materAssembly of God Church School, Park Street
St. Xavier's College, Kolkata
Film and Television Institute of India, Pune
Occupation(s)Actor
Editor
Podcast Host
TV Host
Years active2007–present
Known forRole Prodipto Lahiri in Gaaner Oparey
Role Byomkesh Bakshi in Byomkesh
Notable workRang Milanti
Laptop
Apur Panchali
Eagoler Chokh
Colkatay Columbus
Double Feluda
Aschhe Abar Shabor
Parineeta
Purba Paschim Dakshin
Sagardwipey Jawker Dhan
Dwitiyo Purush
Lalbazaar
Abar Kanchanjungha
Bismillah
Abar Proloy
Chhotolok
Parnashavarir Shaap
Height1.75 m (5 ft 9 in)
SpouseRidhima Ghosh (m. 28 November 2017-present)
ChildrenDheer
Parent(s)Sabyasachi Chakrabarty (father)
Mithu Chakrabarty (mother)
RelativesJagadish Chandra Chakrabarty (grandfather)
Monica Chakrabarty (grandmother)
Arjun Chakrabarty (brother)

Calcutta Times voted him as one of the 10 Most Desirable Men in 2015.[2]

Education

Chakrabarty had his schooling at the Assembly of God Church School in Kolkata. He subsequently earned a degree in Mass Communication and Videography from St. Xavier's College, Kolkata and completed his postgraduation in Video Editing from Film and Television Institute of India at Pune.[3][4]

Early life

Gaurav got involved in theatre from a young age. He worked in backstage as an audio technician in Rong, Dudh Kheyeche Mao and Cholo Potol Tuli these three theatres in 'Charbak'. He also played 'Topshe' in Apsara Theatre-er Mamla in 'Charbak'. During his college days, he played the lead role in Isolation, a documentary on HIV/AIDS.

Personal life

Gaurav was born in Kolkata, West Bengal, India on 6 March 1987.[5] His upbringing was in Kolkata. His brother is actor Arjun Chakrabarty. He has had a relationship with actress Ridhima Ghosh. He met with Ridhima in the script reading of Rang Milanti on 5 September 2010. He got married to Ridhima on 28 November 2017. [6] He has a male child named Dheer. Dheer was born on 16 September 2023. [7]

Career

Gaurav debuted on television, along with his younger sibling Arjun Chakrabarty, in the Star Jalsha megaserial Gaaner Oparey. Chakrabarty's character Prodipto Lahiri, in spite of not being the official male lead, gained huge enough popularity due to his portrayal.[8]

Gaurav made his silver screen debut with the film Rang Milanti, a romantic comedy directed by Kaushik Ganguly, that released in September 2011 to wide critical and commercial acclaim.[9]

Chakrabarty was back on television through Byomkesh on Colors Bangla in 2014. His acting as Byomkesh Bakshi was well acclaimed by audience and appreciated by critics.[10]

However Chakrabarty began his journey in the entertainment world at a young age, working as a child actor Ekushey Paa on Zee Bangla (former name Alpha Bangla) in 1995.

He debuted on OTT platform in the ZEE5 cop drama web series, Lalbazaar. After that, he worked in a number of successful web series like Seven, Abar Proloy, Chhotolok and so on.[11]

Filmography

YearFilmDirectorRoleNotesCo-star
2011Rang MilantiKaushik GangulyRikDebut FilmRidhima Ghosh
2012LaptopKaushik GangulyJiyon GhoshNational award-winning filmRidhima Ghosh
2013ChhayamoyHaranath ChakrabortyIndrajit Pratap RoyBased on a novel same name written by Shirshendu MukhopadhyaySabyasachi Chakrabarty & Deepankar De
2013Rupkatha NoyAtanu GhoshPrasit MukherjeeSohini Sarkar
2013Aashbo Arek DinAbhijit Dasgupta & Arindam SilAnwarRidhima Ghosh
2014Apur PanchaliKaushik GangulyArkoBased on the life of Subir Banerjee, the actor who played Apu in Pather Panchali (1955),the first film of Satyajit Ray's Apu trilogyArdhendu Banarjee
2014HighwaySudipto ChattopadhyayDhruboExtended cameoParambrata Chatterjee
2014AagunJoydip MukherjeeBinoy SarkarSabyasachi Chakrabarty, Rajatava Dutta, Arindam Sil, Abir Chatterjee, Indrasish Roy, Sudipa Basu & Ridhima Ghosh
2015FakebookSanjay BardhanSuman Naskar/HutumRidhima Ghosh
2016Eagoler Chokh[12]Arindam SilSI Sanjib DasSpecial appearance; based on a story of same name written by Shirshendu MukhopadhyaySaswata Chatterjee, Subhrajit Dutta & Anirban Bhattacharya
2016GangsterBirsa DasguptaAjayGuest appearanceYash Dasgupta
2016Colkatay ColumbusSaurav PalodhiBalahori Roy aka RoyMir, Tanusree Chakraborty & Anirban Bhattacharya
2016Double FeludaSandip RayRanajit BandyopadhyayFilm series of Feluda[13]Sabyasachi Chakrabarty & Saheb Bhattacharya
2017The Bongs AgainAnjan DuttAnindyaParno Mitra[14]
2018Aschhe Abar ShaborArindam SilSI Sanjib DasBased on the story Prajapatir Mrityu O Punorjonmo written by Shirshendu MukhopadhyaySaswata Chatterjee & Subhrajit Dutta
2018CrisscrossBirsa DasguptaAhan Roy[15]Based on Smaranjit Chakraborty's best seller CrisscrossNusrat Jahan, Priyanka Sarkar & Arjun Chakrabarty
2019Bhootchakra Pvt. Ltd.Haranath ChakrabortyNimai Bose aka NimoLoosely inspired by 2017 Telugu film Anando BrahmaSoham Chakraborty & Bonny Sengupta
2019ParineetaRaj ChakrabortyRanadeb SenSubhashree Ganguly, Falaque Rashid Roy & Ritwick Chakraborty
2019Purba Paschim DakshinRaajhorshee DeAtin[16]Based on Ebong Inquisition written by Avik SarkarEshika Dey & Rudraprasad Sengupta
2019Sagardwipey Jawker DhanSayantan GhosalKumarA sequel to Jawker Dhan and the second filmParambrata Chatterjee & Koel Mallick
2020Dwitiyo PurushSrijit MukherjiRajat ChakrabartyA sequel to Baishe Srabon and the second filmParambrata Chatterjee & Ridhima Ghosh
2020Cholo Potol TuliArindam GangulyMainakBased on Cholo Potol Tuli by Shibram ChakrabortyArindam Ganguly
2021Flyover[17]Abhimanyu MukherjeeSI Amit SenRemake of 2016 Kannada film U TurnKoel Mallick
2021Ei Ami Renu[18]Soumen SurSumitBased on a novel same name written by Samaresh MajumdarSohini Sarkar
2021NirbhayaAnshuman PratyushRitwik Dutt[19]Hiya Dey & Priyanka Sarkar
2022Swastik SanketSayantan GhosalPriyamBased on Debarati Mukhopadhyay's novel Narak SanketNusrat Jahan
2022Abar KanchanjunghaRaajhorshee DeRohit DebArpita Chatterjee, Kaushik Sen, Rahul, Padmanabha Dasgupta & Devlina Kumar
2022BismillahIndraadip DasguptaShibuRiddhi Sen & Anindita Raychaudhury
2022Ajker ShortcutSubir MandolAbeshParambrata Chatterjee & Apu Biswas
2023Tenida and CompanySayantan GhosalKushal Mitra aka Kyabla[20]Based on Narayan Gangopadhyay's novel Jhau-Bunglowr RahasyaKanchan Mullick, Soumendra Bhattacharya, Sourav Saha, Sabyasachi Chakrabarty & Paran Bandopadhyay
2023MayaaRaajhorshee DeMichael[21]Inspired by Macbeth written by William ShakespeareRafiath Rashid Mithila, Tanusree Chakraborty & Kamaleshwar Mukherjee
UpcomingSaralakkha HolmesSayantan GhosalTBABased on The Hound of the Baskervilles written by Arthur Conan Doyle
UpcomingSonar Kellay Jawker DhanSayantan GhosalKumarA sequel to Sagardwipey Jawker Dhan & third film of the seriesParambrata Chatterjee & Koel Mallick

Television

YearTitleRoleProducerChannelCo-starNotes
1988Shei ShomoyYoung Chandranath (Child actor)Jochhon DastidarDoordarshanKheyali DastidarTV series; first appearance on Television
1995Ekushey PaaYounger Neel Mukherjee (Child actor)Zee BanglaAnjan Dutt & Anashua MajumdarTelefilm
2010Bagh NokhMandaar (Secondary character)Ramoji RaoETV BanglaArdhendu Banarjee & Kanchana MallickTelefilm
2010-11Gaaner OpareyProdipto Lahiri/Deep (Parallel lead)Prosenjit ChatterjeeStar JalshaArjun Chakrabarty & Mimi ChakrabortyTV series
2011-12AdwitiyaRabikiran Chowdhury/Rabi (Lead antagonist)Prosenjit ChatterjeeStar JalshaSohini Sarkar & Indrasish RoyTV series
2014–15ByomkeshByomkesh Bakshi (Lead role)Rana SarkarColors BanglaRidhima GhoshTV series; based on the Bengali sleuth Byomkesh Bakshi created by Sharadindu Bandyopadhyay
2016MahanayakBiswanath (Based on actor Biswajit Chatterjee)Shrikant Mohta & Mahendra SoniStar JalshaProsenjit ChatterjeeTV series; loosely based on the life of megastar Uttam Kumar
2019Gupi Gayen[22]Host (Cameo appearance)Zee Entertainment EnterprisesZee Bangla CinemaRwitobroto MukherjeeTelefilm
2019Shesh Mess[23]Aditya (Lead role)Zee Entertainment EnterprisesZee Bangla CinemaKheya ChattopadhyayTelefilm

Theatre

YearTitleRoleDirector
2007Apsara Theatre-er MamlaTopsheSabyasachi Chakrabarty
2013Ekhon TokhonBaradakantoArindam Ganguly
2016Chitey GurSiddharthaArindam Ganguly
2017Mushkil AshaanSaralakkha HomeArindam Ganguly
2017ShironaamAmbarishKheyali Dastidar
2019Bheeti O ShubhechchaRonoKheyali Dastidar

Short films and web series

YearTitleDirectorPlatformFormatRoleCo-starNotes
2017BumperRwitobroto MukherjeeShort FilmNot as an Actor, as an Editor
2018Shrimoti BhoyonkoriRobiul Alam-RobiHoichoiWeb Original FilmBinoyRitabhari Chakraborty
2018Saiyaan[24]Abhiroop BasuYouTubeMusical Short FilmHeroAnindita BoseKolkata's first musical short film
2019MukhomukhiPartha SenYouTubeShort FilmSiddharthaRafiath Rashid MithilaIndo-Bangladesh project
2019Bhalobashar Shohor (Pori)[25]Aritra Sen, Rohan Ghosh & Nandini KunduZEE5Web SeriesAdityaRidhima Ghosh
2019Parking[26]Saurav PalodhiShort FilmSarwar
2020Lalbazaar[27]Sayantan GhosalZEE5Web SeriesInspector Sabir AhmedKaushik Sen
2023Seven[28]Anjan DuttZEE5Web SeriesBibekAnjan Dutt, Rahul, Ankita Chakraborty, Suprobhat Das & Ridhima Ghosh
2023Abar ProloyRaj ChakrabortyZEE5Web SeriesKanu Kole[29]Saswata Chatterjee, Ritwick Chakraborty & Koushani MukherjeeSequel to Proloy
2023Brishti[30]Sudipto ChandaYouTubeMusic VideoHimselfAntara Nandy & Ankita Nandy
2023ChhotolokIndranil RoyChowdhuryZEE5Web SeriesRaja BhattacharyaIndrani Halder, Priyanka Sarkar & Ushashi Roy
2023Parnashavarir ShaapParambrata ChatterjeeHoichoiWeb SeriesAmiyoChiranjeet Chakraborty, Surangana Bandyopadhyay, Anindita Bose & Arna MukhopadhyayBased on Parnashavarir Shaap written by Souvik Chakraborty
2024KolonkoAbhimanyu MukherjeeHoichoiWeb SeriesBihanRaima Sen
UpcomingParineetaAditi RoyHoichoiWeb SeriesShekhar[31]Debchandrima Singha RoyBased on Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay's social novel Parineeta

Podcast

YearTitlePlatformFormat
2022-2023Gaurav BolchhiSpotifySolo/Interview

Reality Show

YearTitleChannelRoleCo-anchor
2024-presentSong Connection[32]Zee Bangla CinemaHost/Narrator[33]Solo
2024-presentRandhane Bandhan[34]Zee BanglaHostRidhima Ghosh

Audio drama

YearTitlePlatformEpisode(s)DirectorCharacterCo-starNotes
2020Sunday SuspenseMirchi Bangla (98.3 FM)Darjeeling JomjomatAgnijit Sen (Agni)Samiran MajumdarSabyasachi ChakrabartyAdapted from Satyajit Ray's novel Darjeeling Jomjomat; Best Audio Book-Fiction(WINNER-2021) at New York Festivals Radio Awards
2021Sunday SuspenseMirchi Bangla (98.3 FM)The Count of Monte Cristo (Part 1 & 2)Deepanjan Ghosh (Deep)Edmond DantesAnirban Bhattacharya & MirAdapted from Alexandre Dumas's adventure novel The Count of Monte Cristo
2022Sunday SuspenseMirchi Bangla (98.3 FM)The Three Musketeers (Part 1 & 2)Deepanjan Ghosh (Deep)AthosRwitobroto MukherjeeAdapted from Alexandre Dumas's historical adventure novel The Three Musketeers
2023Goppo Mirer ThekYouTubeSherlock Holmes & The Problem of Thor BridgeMirDr. Watson/Narrator[35]MirAdapted from Arthur Conan Doyle's short story The Problem of Thor Bridge
2023Sunday SuspenseMirchi Bangla (98.3 FM)The Man in the Iron Mask (Part 1 to 13)Deepanjan Ghosh (Deep)Louis XIV/Philippe BourbonRajeev Chatterjee, Sankari Prasad Mitra, Debajyoti Ghosh, Angshuman Pal & Debi SahaIn this audio story he voiced double role; adapted from Alexandre Dumas's historical novel Man in the iron mask
2023Sunday SuspenseMirchi Bangla (98.3 FM)Ben-Hur A Tale Of The Christ (Part 1 to 6)Deepanjan Ghosh (Deep)Judah Ben-HurAngshuman Pal, Rajeev Chatterjee & Debi SahaAdapted from Lew Wallace's historical novel Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ
2024Sunday SuspenseMirchi Bangla (98.3 FM)Banhi PatangaDeepanjan Ghosh (Deep)Byomkesh BakshiDeepanjan Ghosh (Deep)Adapted from Sharadindu Bandyopadhyay's detective story Banhi Patanga
2024 Sunday Suspense Mirchi Bangla (98.3 FM Radio) Rakter Dag Deepanjan Ghosh (Deep) Byomkesh Bakshi Deepanjan Ghosh (Deep) Adapted from Sharadindu Bandyopadhyay's detective story Rakter Dag

TVCs

YearBrandDirectorCo-star
2017Anjali JewellersAnindya ChatterjeeIshaa Saha
2018MyntraIndranil RoychowdhuryRidhima Ghosh, Mithu Chakrabarty, Arjun Chakrabarty, Sabyasachi Chakrabarty
2018Hiland Riverside ProjectAnindya ChatterjeeRidhima Ghosh
2019Sunrise SpicesAnik DuttaMadhumita Sarcar
2020Sparkle DishwashSayantan GhosalRidhima Ghosh
2020Utalika Luxury-Phirey PaowaVIK
2021Jovees Herbal[36]Sayantan GhosalRitabhari Chakraborty
2022Admission TreeRidhima Ghosh
2024Wild StoneArjun Chakrabarty

Awards and nominations

YearAwardCategoryFilm/TV showResult
2012 Star Jalsha Parivaar Awards Sobcheye Priyo Khalnayak Adwitiya Won
Star Guide Bengali Film Awards Best Male Debut Rang Milanti Won
International Bangla Film Academy Awards Promising Face of the Year Nominated
2015 Tele Academy Award Best Actor in a Leading Role Byomkesh Won
2016 Solo Room Award Best Young Talent Contribution in Bengali Film Industry Won
2019 AAHAN International Short Film Festival Best Editing Bumper Won
2021 Films and Frames Digital Film Awards Best Supporting Actor Male (OTT) Lalbazaar Won
Trendsetting Performance of the Year-Male (Jury) Flyover Nominated
2023 West Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards Best Actor in a Negative Role Bismillah Nominated
India Audio Summit and Awards 2022 Best Show Host Gaurav Bolchhi Won

References

  1. "Gaurav Chakrabarty - Movies, Biography, News, Age & Photos". BookMyShow. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
  2. "Calcutta Times Most Desirable Men 2015". The Times of India. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
  3. চক্রবর্তী, গৌরব. "লং লিভ কলকাতা, লং লিভ ক্রিকেট!". www.anandabazar.com (in Bengali). Retrieved 2 February 2022.
  4. "Gaurav makes his dad proud". The Times of India. 11 January 2017. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 23 April 2024.
  5. "Ridhima Ghosh Bakes Rainbow Cake For Her Husband Gaurav Chakrabarty | SpotboyE". www.spotboye.com. Retrieved 23 April 2024.
  6. "গৌরব কী ভাবে ঋদ্ধিমাকে প্রোপোজ করেছিলেন জানেন?". www.anandabazar.com (in Bengali). Retrieved 23 April 2024.
  7. "মহাসপ্তমীতে প্রথম বার ছেলের ছবি অনুরাগীদের সঙ্গে ভাগ করে নিলেন গৌরব-ঋদ্ধিমা". www.anandabazar.com (in Bengali). Retrieved 23 April 2024.
  8. Chakrabarty, Gaurav (31 August 2022). "অন্য চরিত্রে অভিনয়ের কথা ছিল, 'গানের ওপারে'র প্রদীপ্ত হওয়ার সুযোগ করে দেন ঋতুদা". Hindustantimes Bangla (in Bengali). Retrieved 23 April 2024.
  9. "Rang Milanti: 'রং মিলান্তি' টিমের 'রিইউনিয়ন'! নস্ট্যালজিয়ায় ডুব পাঁচ বন্ধুর". Hindustantimes Bangla (in Bengali). 23 February 2022. Retrieved 23 April 2024.
  10. "Gaurav wows as youngest ever Byomkesh". The Times of India. 22 November 2014. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 23 April 2024.
  11. "Exclusive! Gaurav Chakrabarty on a successful 2023: I am glad that I waited to get the right kind of characters on OTT". www.ottplay.com. Retrieved 27 April 2024.
  12. "'শবর'কে আউট অফ টেন কত দিলেন শাশ্বত?". www.anandabazar.com (in Bengali). Retrieved 12 January 2022.
  13. "Father, son & Feluda". www.telegraphindia.com. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
  14. "Tolly travellers". www.telegraphindia.com. Retrieved 14 February 2022.
  15. "Gaurav reveals about his character in Crisscross - Times of India". The Times of India. 7 August 2018. Retrieved 14 February 2022.
  16. "শুটিং চলছে প্যারানরমাল থ্রিলার 'পূর্ব-পশ্চিম-দক্ষিণ' এর". Indian Express Bangla (in Bengali). 29 December 2018. Retrieved 14 February 2022.
  17. "Actor Gaurav Chakrabarty on the concept of making remakes". www.telegraphindia.com. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
  18. "A chat with the cast of Ei Ami Renu". www.telegraphindia.com. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
  19. "ক্লিন সেভড থেকে গাল ভর্তি দাড়িতে গৌরব! আচমকা ভোল বদলের কারণ কী জানেন?". Hindustantimes Bangla (in Bengali). 24 July 2021. Retrieved 14 February 2022.
  20. "Gaurav Chakrabarty: In the jungle of pretentious films, Tenida And Company is a whiff of fresh air". www.ottplay.com. Retrieved 2 September 2023.
  21. "Gaurav Chakrabarty: 'মায়া'র মাইকেল চরিত্র থেকে বাবা হওয়ার আগাম অনুভূতি, ইটিভি ভারতে মনখোলা গৌরব". ETV Bharat News (in Bengali). 27 June 2023. Retrieved 2 September 2023.
  22. "Rwitobroto shares last shooting day photo with Sidhu and Gaurav - Times of India". The Times of India. 21 February 2019. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
  23. "'Shesh Mess', the epic saga of last remaining mess bari in Kolkata - Times of India". The Times of India. 9 November 2019. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
  24. ভট্টাচার্য, স্বরলিপি. "মিউজিক্যাল শর্ট ফিল্ম 'সাইয়াঁ'য় অনিন্দিতা-গৌরব". www.anandabazar.com (in Bengali). Retrieved 14 January 2022.
  25. "I Believe That Anyone Watching Pori Will Fall In Love With Aditya: Gaurav Chakrabarty - Zee5 News". ZEE5. 24 October 2019. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
  26. "Gaurav drives down a different path - Times of India". The Times of India. 24 October 2017. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
  27. "Gaurav Chakrabarty on playing a police officer in the ZEE5 crime series Lalbazaar". www.telegraphindia.com. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
  28. সংবাদদাতা, নিজস্ব. "Ridhima-Gaurav: আউটডোরে গেলে বাথরুম নিয়ে বিবাদ বাধে গৌরব-ঋদ্ধিমার, কী ঘটল অঞ্জনের শ্যুটে?". www.anandabazar.com (in Bengali). Retrieved 24 March 2022.
  29. "Gaurav Chakraborty Exclusive: সিক্স প্যাক থেকে আইটেম সং-এ নাচ, 'আবার প্রলয়'-তে নয়া রূপে গৌরব". Aaj Tak বাংলা (in Bengali). Retrieved 2 September 2023.
  30. "Music: শান, নন্দী সিস্টার্সদের গানের ছন্দে 'বৃষ্টি'তে ভিজলেন আবীর-গৌরব". aajkaal.in (in Bengali). Retrieved 2 September 2023.
  31. "Exclusive! Parineeta: Gaurav Chakrabarty to play Shekhar opposite Debchandrima?". www.ottplay.com. Retrieved 15 January 2024.
  32. "Gaurav Chakrabarty returns to television; Takes up hosting duties for new show 'Song Connection'". The Times of India. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 5 April 2024.
  33. "Zee Bangla Cinema : কালজয়ী শিল্পীদের গান নিয়ে জি বাংলা সিনেমায় আসছে 'সং কানেকশন'! সঞ্চালনায় গৌরব চক্রবর্তী". aajkaal.in. Retrieved 3 May 2024.
  34. "রান্নাঘরে রোম্যান্স নতুন বাবা-মা গৌরব-ঋদ্ধিমার, বন্ধ হচ্ছে ঘরে ঘরে জি বাংলা?". Hindustantimes Bangla (in Bengali). Retrieved 2 May 2024.
  35. "বাঙালিকে ফের শার্লক হোমস উপহার, অবশেষে ওয়াটসনের নাম ফাঁস মীরের?". Eisamay (in Bengali). Retrieved 2 September 2023.
  36. www.ETBrandEquity.com. "A glimpse of 'Shonar Bangla' in Jovees ad film - ET BrandEquity". ETBrandEquity.com. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.