List of sovereign states by research and development spending

This is a list of countries by research and development (R&D) spending in real terms, based on data published by World Bank, United Nations Economic Commission for Europe and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.

According to World Bank, ″Gross domestic expenditures on research and development (R&D) include both capital and current expenditures in the four main sectors: Business enterprise, Government, Higher education and Private non-profit. R&D covers basic research, applied research, and experimental development.″[3]

According to United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, ″Research and development (R&D) expenditure as a proportion of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is defined as the total intramural expenditure on research and experimental development (R&D) performed in the national territory during a specific reference period expressed as a percentage of national gross domestic product (GDP).″[4]

According to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, ″Gross domestic spending on R&D is defined as the total expenditure (current and capital) on R&D carried out by all resident companies, research institutes, university and government laboratories, etc., in a country. It includes R&D funded from abroad, but excludes domestic funds for R&D performed outside the domestic economy.″[2]

As of 2023, Israel leads the world in R&D spending, followed by South Korea, Taiwan and the United States.

List

The following table provides information on R&D spending, based on data published by World Bank,[5] United Nations Economic Commission for Europe,[6] and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.[2] The indicator is measured in USD constant prices using 2015 base year and Purchasing Power Parities (PPPs) by OECD and as percentage of GDP.

Sorting is alphabetical by country code, according to ISO 3166-1 alpha-3.

Country/Territory/Region/Group PopulationWBUNECEOECD
Source: UN or official state figures Year  % of GDPYear % of GDPYear % of GDPYearMil. USDYear USD per capita
 Angola 34,094,077 20230.03%2016
 Albania 2,761,785 20230.15%2008
 United Arab Emirates 9,282,410 20201.50%2021
 Argentina 46,654,581 20230.52%20210.52%20214288.022021 92
 Armenia 2,981,200 20230.21%20210.21%2021
 American Samoa 49,710 20200.40%2006
 Australia 26,461,912 20231.83%20191.80%201921738.742019 822
 Austria 9,159,993 20243.26%20213.19%20203.26%202114885.402021 1,625
 Azerbaijan 10,151,517 20230.21%20210.21%2021
 Burundi 12,837,740 20220.21%2018
 Belgium 11,810,018 20233.43%20213.46%20203.43%202119249.362021 1,630
 Burkina Faso 22,752,315 20230.25%2021
 Bulgaria 6,447,710 20220.77%20210.85%2020
 Bahrain 1,577,059 20230.10%2014
 Bosnia and Herzegovina 3,277,082 20220.19%20210.19%2021
 Belarus 9,200,617 20230.46%20210.47%2021
 Bermuda 64,055 20210.23%2020
 Bolivia 12,006,031 20220.16%2009
 Brazil 203,080,756 20221.15%2020
 Brunei 445,400 20220.28%2018
 Botswana 2,410,338 20210.56%2013
 Canada 40,528,396 20231.70%20211.70%20201.55%202229313.562022 723
 Switzerland 8,931,306 20233.36%20213.19%20193.36%202119885.572021 2,227
 Chile 19,960,889 20230.33%20200.33%20201377.392020 69
 China 1,409,670,000 20232.43%20212.43%2021620103.382021 440
 Ivory Coast 29,389,150 20210.07%2016
 DR Congo 95,370,000 20190.41%2015
 Colombia 52,215,503 20230.29%20200.29%20201835.892020 35
 Cape Verde 491,233 20210.07%2011
 Costa Rica 5,262,225 20230.28%20210.28%2021276.192021 52
 Cuba 11,089,511 20220.52%2020
 Cyprus 918,100 20210.83%20210.81%2020
 Czech Republic 10,882,235 20232.00%20211.99%20202.00%20218007.912021 736
 Germany 84,607,016 20233.14%20213.11%20203.13%2021129348.452021 1,529
 Denmark 5,961,249 20242.81%20212.97%20202.76%20218818.402021 1,479
 Algeria 45,400,000 20220.53%2017
 Ecuador 16,938,986 20220.44%2014
 Egypt 104,462,545 20230.91%2021
 Spain 48,592,909 20241.43%20211.41%20201.43%202124006.512021 494
 Estonia 1,366,491 20241.75%20211.75%20201.75%2021848.702021 621
 Ethiopia 107,334,000 20230.27%2017
 Finland 5,574,011 20232.99%20212.91%20202.99%20217607.102021 1,365
 France 68,373,000 20242.22%20212.35%20202.22%202163751.582021 932
 Faroe Islands 54,547 20230.85%2003
 Gabon 2,233,272 20210.58%2009
 United Kingdom 67,026,292 20212.91%20211.72%20192.91%202183706.922021 1,249
 Georgia 3,736,400 20230.25%20210.25%2021
 Ghana 30,832,019 20210.38%2010
 Gambia 2,417,471 20220.07%2018
 Greece 10,413,982 20231.46%20211.50%20201.46%20214336.302021 416
 Greenland 56,865 20230.65%2004
 Guatemala 17,602,431 20230.06%2021
 Guam 153,836 20200.26%2005
 Hong Kong 7,498,100 20230.97%2021
 Honduras 9,745,149 20230.06%2019
 Croatia 3,855,641 20221.24%20211.24%2020
 Hungary 9,597,085 20231.64%20211.59%20201.64%20215219.982021 544
 Indonesia 279,118,866 20230.28%2020
 India 1,392,329,000 20230.65%2020 42
 Ireland 5,281,600 20231.13%20211.23%20201.11%20215636.942021 1,067
 Iran 84,055,000 20220.79%2019
 Iraq 43,324,000 20230.04%2021
 Iceland 396,960 20232.81%20212.47%20202.81%2021522.672021 1,317
 Israel 9,842,000 20235.56%20215.35%20205.56%202121031.652021 2,137
 Italy 58,919,345 20231.45%20211.53%20201.45%202133135.882021 562
 Jamaica 2,825,544 20190.06%2002
 Jordan 11,302,000 20220.70%2016
 Japan 124,090,000 20243.30%20213.30%2021172062.492021 1,387
 Kazakhstan 20,033,546 20240.13%20210.13%2021
 Kenya 51,526,000 20230.69%2010
 Kyrgyzstan 7,100,000 20230.08%20210.09%2020
 Cambodia 17,091,464 20230.12%2015
 South Korea 51,439,038 20224.93%20214.93%2021110148.082021 2,141
 Kuwait 4,670,713 20200.19%2020
 Laos 7,443,000 20220.04%2002
 Saint Lucia 178,696 20180.27%1999
 Sri Lanka 22,037,000 20230.12%2020
 Lesotho 2,306,000 20230.05%2015
 Lithuania 2,886,515 20241.11%20211.15%20201.11%20211146.702021 397
 Luxembourg 672,050 20231.04%20211.12%20201.04%2021735.372021 1,113
 Latvia 1,872,500 20240.74%20210.69%20200.74%2021420.072021 224
 Macau 681,300 20230.38%2021
 Morocco 37,022,000 20230.66%2010
 Monaco 39,050 20220.04%2005
 Moldova 2,512,758 20230.23%20210.23%2021
 Madagascar 26,923,353 20210.01%2017
 Mexico 129,406,736 20230.30%20200.33%20177673.492017 59
 North Macedonia 1,832,696 20210.38%20210.38%2021
 Mali 22,395,489 20220.17%2021
 Malta 519,562 20210.67%20210.67%2020
 Myanmar 55,770,232 20220.15%2021
 Montenegro 616,695 20230.36%20190.36%2019
 Mongolia 3,457,548 20220.13%2020
 Mozambique 32,419,747 20220.31%2015
 Mauritania 4,475,683 20230.01%2018
 Mauritius 1,261,041 20230.37%2021
 Malaysia 33,379,500 20230.95%2020
 Namibia 2,641,857 20230.35%2014
 Nigeria 216,783,381 20220.13%2007
 Nicaragua 6,733,763 20220.11%2015
 Netherlands 17,947,684 20232.31%20212.30%20202.27%202121650.622021 1,206
 Norway 5,550,203 20231.94%20212.28%20201.94%20217008.902021 1,263
 Nepal 29,164,578 20210.30%2010
 New Zealand 5,305,600 20231.45%20211.47%20213060.202021 577
 Oman 5,113,071 20230.29%2021
 Pakistan 241,499,431 20230.16%2021
 Panama 4,337,406 20210.16%2021
 Peru 33,396,698 20220.17%2020
 Philippines 112,892,781 20230.32%2018
 Papua New Guinea 11,781,559 20210.03%2016
 Poland 37,653,000 20231.44%20211.39%20201.43%202118309.582021 486
 Puerto Rico 3,205,691 20230.43%2015
 Portugal 10,467,366 20221.68%20211.61%20201.73%20226110.542022 584
 Paraguay 6,109,644 20220.16%2020
 Palestine 5,483,450 20230.45%2013
 Qatar 2,656,032 20230.68%2021
 Romania 19,051,562 20230.47%20210.47%20200.47%20212531.102021 133
 Russia 146,424,729 20231.09%20201.09%20201.10%202040322.302020 275
 Rwanda 13,246,394 20220.76%2019
 Saudi Arabia 32,175,224 20220.45%2021
 Sudan 41,984,500 20180.22%2005
 Senegal 18,275,743 20230.58%2015
 Singapore 5,917,600 20232.16%20202.22%202011435.912020 1,933
 El Salvador 6,884,888 20220.16%2020
 Serbia 6,641,197 20230.99%20210.99%2021
 Slovakia 5,426,468 20230.92%20210.90%20200.92%20211692.632021 312
 Slovenia 2,123,103 20232.13%20212.14%20202.13%20211683.492021 793
 Sweden 10,551,707 20233.42%20213.49%20203.40%202118504.332021 1,754
 Eswatini 1,223,362 20230.27%2015
 Seychelles 100,447 20220.22%2016
 Syria 22,923,000 20210.02%2015
 Chad 17,414,717 20220.30%2016
 Togo 8,095,498 20220.20%2014
 Thailand 68,263,022 20211.33%2020
 Tajikistan 10,077,600 20230.09%20200.09%2020
 Trinidad and Tobago 1,367,510 20230.06%2020
 Tunisia 11,850,232 20230.75%2019
 Turkey 85,372,377 20231.40%20211.09%20201.40%202137144.002021 435
 Taiwan 23,420,442 20233.77%202151229.882021 2,187
 Tanzania 61,741,120 20220.51%2013
 Uganda 45,562,000 20230.14%2014
 Ukraine 36,700,000 20230.29%20210.29%2021
 Uruguay 3,444,263 20230.45%2020
 United States 335,893,238 20243.46%20213.42%20203.46%2021709712.902021 2,113
 Uzbekistan 36,599,764 20230.13%20210.13%2021
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 110,872 20220.11%2002
 Venezuela 28,302,000 20190.34%2014
 U.S. Virgin Islands 87,146 20200.03%2007
 Vietnam 100,300,000 20230.43%2021
 South Africa 62,027,503 20220.60%20200.60%20204457.372020 72
 Zambia 19,610,769 20220.28%2008
WORLD 8,091,885,000 20242.71%2021
Low & middle income (WB) 1.64%2020
Low-income (WB)
Middle-income (WB) 1.64%2020
Lower middle income (WB) 0.58%2017
Upper middle income (WB) 2.24%2021
High-income (WB) 2.94%2021
European Union 447,319,916 20202.28%20212.16%2021400168.502021 895
OECD (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development) 1,376,606,820 20223.01%20212.72%20211618857.482021 1,176

References
  1. Our World in Data. "Research & development spending as a share of GDP". ourworldindata.org. Retrieved 2024-01-10.
  2. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. "Gross domestic spending on R&D". data.oecd.org. Retrieved 2024-01-10.
  3. World Bank. "Metadata Glossary | Research and development expenditure (% of GDP)". databank.worldbank.org. Retrieved 2024-01-10.
  4. United Nations. "Indicator 9.5.1: Research and development expenditure as a proportion of GDP". unstats.un.org. Retrieved 2024-01-10.
  5. World Bank. "Research and development expenditure (% of GDP)". data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 2024-01-10.
  6. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. "Indicator 9.5.1 Research and development expenditure as a proportion of GDP, %". w3.unece.org. Retrieved 2024-01-10.

See also
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.