Galindian language

Galindan
Galindan
Galindian
Region	Northeastern Poland
Extinct	14th century AD[1]
Language family	Indo-European Balto-Slavic Baltic West Baltic Galindan; ; ; ;
Language codes
ISO 639-3	xgl
Linguist List	xgl
Glottolog	None

The term Galindian is sometimes ascribed to two separate Baltic languages, both of which were peripheral dialects:

First, a West Baltic language referred to as West Galindian; and
Second, a Baltic language previously spoken in Mozhaysk region (present day Russia), referred to as East Galindian[2]

Name

There are three proposed etymologies for the denomination Galindian:[3]^{: 308–309}

Proto-Baltic *Galind- meaning 'outsider' (Lithuanian: gãlas 'wall; border').[4] This is supported by the etymology of the common Old Russian term for the Galindians Голядь Goljad' > *golędь > Baltic *Galind-);
It is derived from the root *gal-/*gil found in Baltic hydronyms;[5][6] and
The name means 'the powerful ones' (Lithuanian: galià 'power, strength') and also Celtic languages (Irish: gal 'strength', Welsh: gallus 'power', Galli, Gallia).[7]

Proposed relation

Based on the common name used for the two peoples by ancient authors, some scientists propose a common origin of the two peoples and languages.[3]^: 309[8] In order to prove this hypothesis, they investigate common features between Old Prussian/West Galindian and East Galindian.[3]^{: 309–310}

West Galindian

West Galindian is the poorly attested extinct Baltic language of the Galindians previously spoken in what is today northeastern Poland and thought to have been a dialect of Old Prussian,[3]^: 290 or a Western Baltic language similar to Old Prussian.[9] There are no extant writings in Galindian.

Consonants

		Labial	Dental/ Alveolar		Post- alveolar	Velar
		Labial	plain	pal.	Post- alveolar	Velar
Nasal		m	n	nʲ
Plosive	voiceless	p	t	tʲ		k
Plosive	voiced	b	d	dʲ	dʒ	ɡ
Fricative	voiceless	f	s		ʃ
Fricative	voiced		z		ʒ
Trill			r	rʲ
Approximant			l	lʲ	j

Vowels

	Front		Central		Back
	short	long	short	long	short	long
High	i	iː			u	uː
Mid		eː				oː
Mid-low					ɔ
Low			a	aː

East Galindian

East Galindian is the poorly attested extinct Baltic language of the Balts living in the Protva Basin in present-day Russia.[3]^: 307

Phonology

Based on Baltic substratum and hydronomy in the Protva Basin, the following phonology can be reconstructed:[3]^{: 311–312}[10]

Consonants

		Labial	Dental/ Alveolar		Post- alveolar	Velar
		Labial	plain	pal.	Post- alveolar	Velar
Nasal		m	n	nʲ
Plosive	voiceless	p	t	tʲ	tʃ	k
Plosive	voiced	b	d	dʲ		ɡ
Fricative	voiceless		s		ʃ
Fricative	voiced	v	z		ʒ
Trill			r	rʲ
Approximant			l	lʲ	j

Vowels

	Front		Central		Back
	short	long	short	long	short	long
High	i	iː			u	uː
Mid		eː				oː
Mid-low	ɛ
Low			a	aː

Lexicon

There are some Russian words from the Portva Basin region suspected to be Baltisms:[3]^: 312

Russian	Transliteration	Translation	Proposed Baltic cognates
алáня	alánja	'beer'	Lithuanian: alìnas 'special type of beer', Lithuanian: alùs, Latvian: aliņš
кромсáть	kromsát'	'to break something into pieces'	Lithuanian: kramseti, Latvian: kramstīt
нóрот	nórot	'fishing gear'	Lithuanian: nérti, Latvian: nērt 'to sink'
пикýлька	pikúl'ka	'type of weed'	Lithuanian: pìkulė 'sisymbrium'

References

"Galindan". Archived from the original on 28 July 2019. Retrieved 24 April 2024. Until 14th century.
"galindai" [The Galindians]. Visuotinę lietuvių enciklopediją (in Lithuanian). Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos centras. Retrieved 2022-01-28.
Dini, Pietro U. (2014). Foundations of Baltic languages. Translated by Richardson, Milda B.; Richardson, Robert E. Vilnius: Vilniaus universitetas. ISBN 978-609-437-263-6.
Būga, Kazimieras (1924). Lietuvių tauta ir kalba bei jos artimieji giminaičiai [The language and nation of the Lithuanians and its close relatives] (in Lithuanian). Kaunas.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Nalepa, Jerzy (1971). "Próba nowej etymologii nazwy Galindia czyli Golędź" [Proposal of a new etymology of the name Galindia or Golędź]. Opuscula slavica 1. Slaviska och baltiska studier (in Polish). Vol. 9. Lund: Slaviska institutionen vid Lunds universitet. pp. 93–115.
Mažiulis, Vytautas (1981). Prūsų kalbos paminklai [Monuments of the Prussian language] (in Lithuanian). Vol. II. Vilnius: Mokslas. pp. 318–319.
Schmid, Wolfgang P. (1998). "Galinder" [Galindians]. In Beck, Heinrich; Geuenich, Dieter; Steuer, Heiko (eds.). Reallexikon der germanischen Alterskunde [Dictionary of Germanic antiquities] (in German). Vol. 10 (2nd revised and enlarged ed.). Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter. pp. 325–327. ISBN 978-3-11-015102-2.
Otrębski, Jan Szczepan (1958). "Zagadnienie Galindów" [The Galindian question]. In Gieysztor, Aleksander (ed.). Studia Historica. W 35-lecia pracy naukowej Henryka Łowmiańskiego [Studia Historica. On the 35th jubilee of Henryk Łowmiański's scientific work] (in Polish). Warsaw: Państwowe Wydawn. Naukowe. pp. 37–41.
Tarasov, Iliya (January 2017). "The Balts in the migration period". Istoričeskij Format Исторический Формат (in Russian). 3–4: 95–124.
Лекомцева, Маргарита Ивановна (1983). "Zur phonologischen Rekonstruktion der Goljad'-Sprache" [On the phonological reconstruction of the Goljad' language]. Baltistica (in German). 19 (2). Vilnius: Baltų kalbų tyrinėjimai: 114–119. doi:10.15388/baltistica.19.2.1591.

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

[1] "Galindan". Archived from the original on 28 July 2019. Retrieved 24 April 2024. Until 14th century.

[2] "galindai" [The Galindians]. Visuotinę lietuvių enciklopediją (in Lithuanian). Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos centras. Retrieved 2022-01-28.

[Dini-3] Dini, Pietro U. (2014). Foundations of Baltic languages. Translated by Richardson, Milda B.; Richardson, Robert E. Vilnius: Vilniaus universitetas. ISBN 978-609-437-263-6.

[4] Būga, Kazimieras (1924). Lietuvių tauta ir kalba bei jos artimieji giminaičiai [The language and nation of the Lithuanians and its close relatives] (in Lithuanian). Kaunas.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

[5] Nalepa, Jerzy (1971). "Próba nowej etymologii nazwy Galindia czyli Golędź" [Proposal of a new etymology of the name Galindia or Golędź]. Opuscula slavica 1. Slaviska och baltiska studier (in Polish). Vol. 9. Lund: Slaviska institutionen vid Lunds universitet. pp. 93–115.

[6] Mažiulis, Vytautas (1981). Prūsų kalbos paminklai [Monuments of the Prussian language] (in Lithuanian). Vol. II. Vilnius: Mokslas. pp. 318–319.

[7] Schmid, Wolfgang P. (1998). "Galinder" [Galindians]. In Beck, Heinrich; Geuenich, Dieter; Steuer, Heiko (eds.). Reallexikon der germanischen Alterskunde [Dictionary of Germanic antiquities] (in German). Vol. 10 (2nd revised and enlarged ed.). Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter. pp. 325–327. ISBN 978-3-11-015102-2.

[8] Otrębski, Jan Szczepan (1958). "Zagadnienie Galindów" [The Galindian question]. In Gieysztor, Aleksander (ed.). Studia Historica. W 35-lecia pracy naukowej Henryka Łowmiańskiego [Studia Historica. On the 35th jubilee of Henryk Łowmiański's scientific work] (in Polish). Warsaw: Państwowe Wydawn. Naukowe. pp. 37–41.

[9] Tarasov, Iliya (January 2017). "The Balts in the migration period". Istoričeskij Format Исторический Формат (in Russian). 3–4: 95–124.

[10] Лекомцева, Маргарита Ивановна (1983). "Zur phonologischen Rekonstruktion der Goljad'-Sprache" [On the phonological reconstruction of the Goljad' language]. Baltistica (in German). 19 (2). Vilnius: Baltų kalbų tyrinėjimai: 114–119. doi:10.15388/baltistica.19.2.1591.

Baltic languages
Reconstructed	Proto-Balto-Slavic Proto-Baltic
West Baltic	West Galindian Old Prussian Sudovian Skalvian (possibly separate West Baltic)
East Baltic	Curonian? Latvian Kursenieki Latgalian* Lithuanian Aukštaitian Samogitian* Selonian Semigallian
Dnieper Baltic	East Galindian
Italics indicate extinct languages · Languages between parentheses are varieties of the language on their left · Asterisk (*) indicates dialects occasionally classified as languages · Question mark (?) indicates disputed classification.