List of primates of Colombia

The primates of Colombia include 41 extant species in 13 genera and five families.[1][2][3][4] Additionally, 12 fossil species in 10 genera and five families have been identified in Colombia, mainly at the La Venta Lagerstätte of the Honda Group, mostly from the so-called "Monkey Unit", "Monkey Beds" or "Monkey Locality",[5] the richest site for fossil primates in South America.[6] As of 2013, of the 30 fossil primate species found in South America dating to the Late Oligocene (26 Ma) to the Pleistocene, twelve are described from the Honda Group. The genera Branisella, Caipora, Carlocebus, Chilecebus, Dolichocebus, Homunculus, Killikaike, Mazzonicebus, Proteropithecia, Protopithecus, Soriacebus, Szalatavus and Tremacebus have been discovered in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Ecuador and Peru and are not known from Colombia. Additionally, Antillothrix, Insulacebus (both Hispaniola), Paralouatta (Cuba) and Xenothrix (Jamaica) were restricted to the Caribbean.[7] The discovery of Perupithecus, described in 2015 from the Late Eocene (35-36 Ma) Santa Rosa fauna in the Yahuarango Formation of the Peruvian Amazon, pushes back the evolutionary lineage of New World primates.[8]

Extant primates
Common nameScientific nameImageDistribution & habitatRange mapRemarksNotes
Aotidae - night monkeys
Brumback's night monkeyAotus brumbackiOrinoco regionssp. of A. lemurinus ?; Vulnerable
[2]
Gray-bellied night monkeyAotus lemurinusTropical AndesVulnerable
[2]
Gray-handed night monkeyAotus griseimembraNorthern Colombia east of Sinú Riverssp. of A. lemurinus ?; Vulnerable
[2]
Hernández-Camacho's night monkeyAotus jorgehernandeziWest slope of Central Andes (Quindío, Risaralda)Tatamá (West Andes) ?
[9]
Panamanian night monkeyAotus zonalisChocó lowlandsssp. of A. lemurinus ?
[2]
Spix's night monkeyAotus vociferansAmazon region
[2]
Atelidae - howler, spider, and wooly monkeys
Black-headed spider monkeyAteles fuscicepsWest slope of West Andes, Pacific lowlandsCritically endangered
[1]
Brown spider monkeyAteles hybridusMagdalena Valley, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Serranía del PerijáCritically endangered
[1]
Brown woolly monkeyLagothrix lagotrichaAmazon regionVulnerable
[2]
Colombian woolly monkeyLagothrix lugensEast Andes foothills, Serranía de la Macarena, Magdalena Valley, Serranía de San LucasCritically endangered; Endemic ?
[1][10]
Geoffroy's spider monkeyAteles geoffroyiPossibly extreme northern Chocó to Baudó MountainsEndangered
[1]
Juruá red howlerAlouatta juaraAmazon regionmay be subspecies of A. seniculus
[11]
Mantled howlerAlouatta palliataPacific lowlands, western Caribbean lowlands
[2]
Ursine howlerAlouatta arctoideaNorthern Orinoco regionmay be subspecies of A. seniculus
[12]
Venezuelan red howlerAlouatta seniculusThroughout except Pacific & La Guajira
[2]
White-bellied spider monkeyAteles belzebuthParts of Amazon region, Serranía de la Macarena, foothills of East AndesEndangered
[1]
Callitrichidae - marmosets & tamarins
Black-mantled tamarinSaguinus nigricollisAmazon region
[3]
Brown-mantled tamarinSaguinus fuscicollisAmazon regionSympatric with pygmy marmoset
[3]
Cotton-top tamarinSaguinus oedipusCaribbean region, PNN TayronaCritically endangered; Endemic
[1]
Geoffroy's tamarinSaguinus geoffroyiChocó lowlands and foothill forest
[3]
Goeldi's marmosetCallimico goeldiiAmazon regionVulnerable
[2]
Graells's tamarinSaguinus graellsiAmazon regionssp. of S. nigricollis ?; Near threatened
[3]
Mottle-faced tamarinSaguinus inustusAmazon region
[3]
Pygmy marmosetCebuella pygmaeaAmazon region
[2]
White-footed tamarinSaguinus leucopusNorthern Colombia; dry and humid forestAllopatry from S. oedipus; Endangered; Endemic
[1]
Cebidae - capuchins & squirrel monkeys
Colombian white-faced capuchinCebus capucinusPacific lowlands, Gorgona IslandMap shows combined range of Colombian and Panamanian white-faced capuchins; Colombian white-faced capuchin range shown in red
[3][13]
Common squirrel monkeySaimiri sciureusAmazon regionSubsequent taxonomic research restricts S. sciureus to Brazil and the Guianas; replaced in Colombia by S. cassiquiarensis
[2][14]
Humboldt's squirrel monkeySaimiri cassiquiarensisAmazon region
[14]
Large-headed capuchinSapajus macrocephalusAmazon regionmay be ssp. of S. apella
[15]
Marañón white-fronted capuchinCebus yuracusSouthern Colombia
[13]
Río Cesar white-fronted capuchinCebus cesaraeRío Cesar valleyEndemic
[16][13]
Santa Marta white-fronted capuchinCebus malitiosusSierra Nevada de Santa MartaEndangered; Endemic
[17]
Sierra de Perijá white-fronted capuchinCebus leucocephalusNorthern Colombia
[13]
Tufted capuchinCebus apellaAmazon region, Orinoco region
[3]
Varied white-fronted capuchinCebus versicolorRío Magdalena ValleyEndangered; Endemic
[13][18]
Humboldt's white-fronted capuchinCebus albifronsAmazon regionSeveral white-fronted capuchin species were formerly considered subspecies of C. albifrons
[1][2][3][13]
Pitheciidae - titis, sakis & uakaris
Black titiCallicebus lugensOrinoco & Amazon lowlands, between Caquetá & Tomo Rivers
[2]
Caquetá titiCallicebus caquetensisCaquetáCritically endangered; Endemic
geographic range of just about 100 km2 (39 sq mi), actually occupies only about 10 km2 (3.9 sq mi) within that range
[1][19]
Collared titiCallicebus torquatusAmazon region
[2]
Colombian black-handed titiCallicebus medemiAmazon region, between Caquetá & Putumayo RiversVulnerable; Endemic
[2]
Golden-backed uakariCacajao melanocephalusBetween Caquetá & Guaviare Rivers, to Serranía de la Macarena
[2]
Lucifer titiCallicebus luciferAmazon region, between Caquetá & Putumayo Rivers
[2]
Monk sakiPithecia monachusAmazon region, south of Caquetá River
[1][3]
Ornate titiCallicebus ornatusEast Andean foothills to Serranía de la MacarenaVulnerable; Endemic
[2]
White-tailed titiCallicebus discolorAmazon regionVulnerable
[2]

Fossil primates
See also: List of fossil primates of South America
AgeFormationFamilyGenusSpeciesNotes
Mid Miocene
(Laventan)		 Honda Group AotidaeAotusA. dindensis
[20][21]
AtelidaeMiocallicebusM. villaviejai
[22][23][24]
StirtoniaS. tatacoensis
(syn. Kondous laventicus)
[22][25][26][27]
S. victoriae
[22][25][28]
CallitrichidaeLagonimicoL. conclucatus
[22][25][29]
MicodonM. kiotensis
[22][30][31]
PatasolaP. magdalenae
[22][25][32]
CebidaeSaimiriS. annectens
(syn. Laventiana annectens, Neosaimiri annectens)
[22][25][33][34]
S. fieldsi
(syn. Neosaimiri fieldsi)
[22][25][35]
PitheciidaeCebupitheciaC. sarmientoi
[22][25][36][37]
NuciruptorN. rubricae
[22][25][38][39]
incertae sedis
(Callitrichidae, Pitheciidae or Aotidae)		MohanamicoM. hershkovitzi
[22][25]

See also

References
  1. Defler, 2004, p.84
  2. Defler, 2004, p.85
  3. Defler, 2004, p.86
  4. "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species".
  5. Monkey Locality in the Paleobiology Database
  6. Rosenberger & Hartwig, 2001, p.3
  7. Tejedor, 2013, pp.34–35
  8. Bond et al., 2015, p.540
  9. Hernández-Camacho's night monkey range - IUCN Red List
  10. Stevenson, P.R.; Link, A.; Guzmán-Caro, D.C. (2021). "Lagothrix lagothricha ssp. lugens". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T39926A192308084. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T39926A192308084.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  11. Juruá Howler range - IUCN Red List
  12. Ursine Howler range - IUCN Red List
  13. Mittermeier, Russell A. & Rylands, Anthony B. (2013). Mittermeier, Russell A.; Rylands, Anthony B.; Wilson, Don E. (eds.). Handbook of the Mammals of the World: Volume 3, Primates. Lynx. pp. 407–413. ISBN 978-8496553897.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  14. Mittermeier, Russell A. & Rylands, Anthony B. (2013). Mittermeier, Russell A.; Rylands, Anthony B.; Wilson, Don E. (eds.). Handbook of the Mammals of the World: Volume 3, Primates. Lynx. pp. 391–396. ISBN 978-8496553897.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  15. Large-headed capuchin range - IUCN Red List
  16. Link, A.; Boubli, J.P.; Lynch, J.W. (2021). "Cebus cesarae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T4082A195995295. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T4082A195995295.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  17. Link, A.; Boubli, J.P.; Lynch Alfaro, J.W. (2020). "Cebus malitiosus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T4084A81282214. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T4084A81282214.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  18. Link, A.; Boubli, J.P.; Lynch Alfaro, J.W. (2021). "Cebus versicolor". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T39952A81282279. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T39952A81282279.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  19. Defler, Thomas R.; Bueno, Marta; Garcia, Javier (2010). "Callicebus caquetensis: A New and Critically Endangered Titi Monkey from Southern Caquetá, Colombia". Primate Conservation. 25: 1–9. doi:10.1896/052.025.0101. S2CID 83583912. 136211.
  20. Setoguchi & Rosenberger, 1988
  21. Aotus dindensis in the Paleobiology Database
  22. Tejedor, 2013, p.22
  23. Takai et al., 2001
  24. Miocallicebus villaviejai in the Paleobiology Database
  25. Croft, 2007, p.301
  26. Stirtonia tatacoensis in the Paleobiology Database
  27. Setoguchi, 1985
  28. Stirtonia victoriae in the Paleobiology Database
  29. Lagonimico conclucatus in the Paleobiology Database
  30. Defler, 2004, p.32
  31. Micodon kiotensis in the Paleobiology Database
  32. Patasola magdalenae in the Paleobiology Database
  33. Rosenberger et al., 1991
  34. Neosaimiri annectens in the Paleobiology Database
  35. Neosaimiri fieldsi in the Paleobiology Database
  36. Organ & Lemelin, 2011
  37. Cebupithecia sarmientoi in the Paleobiology Database
  38. Meldrum & Kay, 1997
  39. Nuciruptor rubricae in the Paleobiology Database

Bibliography
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