S'gaw Karen alphabet
The S'gaw Karen alphabet (S'gaw Karen: ကညီလံာ်ခီၣ်ထံး) is an abugida used for writing Karen. It was derived from the Burmese script in the early 19th century, and ultimately from either the Kadamba or Pallava alphabet of South India. The S'gaw Karen alphabet is also used for the liturgical languages of Pali and Sanskrit.
| S'gaw Karen ကညီလံာ်ခီၣ်ထံး | |
|---|---|
| Script type | |
Time period | 1830–present |
| Languages | S'gaw Karen language ksw |
| Related scripts | |
Parent systems | |
| ISO 15924 | |
| ISO 15924 | Mymr (350), Myanmar (Burmese) |
| Unicode | |
Unicode alias | Myanmar |
| Brahmic scripts |
|---|
| The Brahmi script and its descendants |
Alphabet
The Karen alphabet was created by American missionary Jonathan Wade in the 1830s, based on the S'gaw Karen language; Wade was assisted by a Karen named Paulah.[1] The consonants and most of the vowels are adopted from the Burmese alphabet; however, the Karen pronunciation of the letters is slightly different from that of the Burmese alphabet. Since Karen has more tones than Burmese, additional tonal markers were added.[2]
The script is taught in the refugee camps in Thailand and in Kayin State.[3]
| က k (kaˀ) | ခ kh (kʰaˀ) | ဂ gh (ɣ) | ဃ x (x) | င ng (ŋ) |
| စ s (s) | ဆ hs (sʰ) | ၡ sh (ʃ) | ည ny (ɲ) | |
| တ t (t) | ထ hṭ (tʰ) | ဒ d (d) | န n (n) | |
| ပ p (p) | ဖ hp (pʰ) | ဘ b (b) | မ m (m) |
| ယ y (ʝ) | ရ r (r) | လ l (l) | ဝ w (w) | သ th (θ) |
| ဟ h (h) | အ vowel holder (ʔ) | ဧ ahh (ɦ) |
| ါ ah (a) | ံ ee (i) | ၢ uh (ɤ) | ု u (ɯ) | ူ oo (u) | ့ ae or ay (e) | ဲ eh (æ) | ိ oh (o) | ီ aw (ɔ) |
| Tones | S'gaw Karen |
|---|---|
| rising | ၢ် |
| falling | ာ် |
| mid | း |
| high | ၣ် |
| low | ၤ |
| Medials | S'gaw Karen |
|---|---|
| ှ (hg) | ဟ |
| ၠ (y) | ယ |
| ြ (r) | ရ |
| ျ (l) | လ |
| ွ (w) | ဝ |
| Number | S'gaw Karen | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Numeral | Written | IPA | Pronounce | |
| 0 | ๐ | ဝး | wa | wah |
| 1 | ၁ | တၢ | tɤ | tuh |
| 2 | ၂ | ခံ | kʰi | khee |
| 3 | ၃ | သၢ | θɤ | thuh |
| 4 | ၄ | လွံၢ် | lwi | lwee |
| 5 | ၅ | ယဲၢ် | wæ | yeh |
| 6 | ၆ | ဃု | xɯ | hku |
| 7 | ၇ | နွံ | nwi | nwee |
| 8 | ၈ | ဃိး | xo | hkaw |
| 9 | ၉ | ခွံ | kʰ i | kwee |
| 10 | ၁၀ | တၢဆံ | tsʰi | tsee |
The number 1962 would be written as ၁၉၆၂.
References
Citations
- Lieberman 2003, p. 136.
- Asher & Simpson 1994, p. 1836.
- Duran 2017, p. 51.
Bibliography
- Asher, R. E.; Simpson, J M. Y. (1994). The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. Vol. 4. ISBN 978-0-08035-943-4.
- Aung-Thwin, Michael (2005). The mists of Rāmañña: The Legend that was Lower Burma (illustrated ed.). Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN 978-0-82482-886-8.
- Bauer, Christian (1991). "Notes on Mon Epigraphy". Journal of the Siam Society. 79 (1): 35.
- Duran, Chatwara Suwannamai (2017). Language and Literacy in Refugee Families. London: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-13758-756-5.
- Lieberman, Victor B. (2003). Strange Parallels: Southeast Asia in Global Context, c. 800–1830, volume 1, Integration on the Mainland. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-80496-7.
- Stadtner, Donald M. (2008). "The Mon of Lower Burma". Journal of the Siam Society. 96: 198.
- Sawada, Hideo (2013). "Some Properties of Burmese Script" (PDF).
- Jenny, Mathias (2015). "Foreign Influence in the Burmese Language" (PDF).
- Wade, J. (1849). A Vocabulary of the Sgau Karen Language. Tavoy: Karen Mission Press.