Soyuz-T

The Soyuz-T (Russian: Союз-T, Union-T) spacecraft was the third generation Soyuz spacecraft, in service for seven years from 1979 to 1986. The T stood for transport (транспортный, Transportny). The revised spacecraft incorporated lessons learned from the Apollo Soyuz Test Project, Soyuz 7K-TM and Military Soyuz.

Not to be confused with Soyuz 7K-T.
Soyuz-T
Soyuz-T spacecraft
ManufacturerKorolev
Country of originUSSR
OperatorSoviet space program
ApplicationsCarry three cosmonauts to Salyut and Mir space stations and back
Specifications
RegimeLow Earth orbit
Production
StatusOut of service
Launched18
Maiden launch4 April 1978
Kosmos 1001
Last launch16 March 1986
Soyuz T-15
Related spacecraft
Derived fromSoyuz 7K-TM
Soyuz 7K-T
Soyuz 7K-S
DerivativesSoyuz-TM

The Soyuz-T was a major upgrade over previous Soyuz spacecraft, sporting solid-state electronics for the first time and a much more advanced onboard computer to help overcome the chronic docking problems that affected cosmonauts during space station missions. In addition, solar panels returned, allowing the Soyuz-T to fly up to 11 days independently as well as a redesigned propulsion system, the KTDU-426. Finally, it could carry three cosmonauts with pressure suits.

Missions
Main article: List of Soviet human spaceflight missions

Between 1979 and 1986, a total of 18 Soyuz T spacecraft were launched into LEO, 13 of which carried cosmonauts to and from the space stations Salyut 6, Salyut 7, and Mir.

MissionCrewLaunchLandingDurationNotes
Kosmos 1001None4 Apr 197815 Apr 197811 days[1]
Kosmos 1074None31 Jan 19791 Apr 197960 daysLast Soyuz spacecraft with a Kosmos designation[1]
Soyuz T-1None16 Dec 197925 Mar 1980100 daysUncrewed test flight to Salyut 6[1]
Soyuz T-2Salyut 6 EP-6:
Yury Malyshev
Vladimir Aksyonov		5 Jun 19809 Jun 19804 daysCrewed test flight[2]
Soyuz T-3Salyut 6 EO-5:
Leonid Kizim
Oleg Makarov
Gennady Strekalov		27 Nov 198010 Dec 198013 daysFirst Soyuz mission with a three cosmonaut crew since the fatal flight of Soyuz 11[3]
Soyuz T-4Salyut 6 EO-6:
Vladimir Kovalyonok
Viktor Savinykh		12 Mar 198126 May 198175 days[4]
Soyuz T-5Salyut 7 EO-1:
Anatoli Berezovoy
Valentin Lebedev		13 May 198227 Aug 1982106 daysBoth Berezovoy and Lebedev returned to Earth aboard Soyuz T-7 after 211 days in space[5]
Soyuz T-6Salyut 7 EP-1:
Vladimir Dzhanibekov
Aleksandr Ivanchenkov
Jean-Loup Chrétien		24 Jun 19822 Jul 19828 daysChrétien becomes the first French citizen in space[6]
Soyuz T-7Salyut 7 EP-2:
Leonid Popov
Aleksandr Serebrov
Svetlana Savitskaya		19 Aug 198210 Dec 1982113 daysSavitskaya becomes the second woman in space after Valentina Tereshkova in 1963. All cosmonauts returned to Earth aboard Soyuz T-5 after 8 days in space[7]
Soyuz T-8 Vladimir Titov
Gennady Strekalov
Aleksandr Serebrov		20 Apr 198322 Apr 19832 daysFailed to reach Salyut 7 after its Igla docking system was damaged during launch[8]
Soyuz T-9Salyut 7 EO-2:
Vladimir Lyakhov
Aleksandr Aleksandrov		27 Jun 198323 Nov 1983149 days[9]
Soyuz T-10-1 Vladimir Titov
Gennadi Strekalov		26 Sept 19835 minutes and 13 secondsFailed to reach Salyut 7 after its carrier rocket caught fire and exploded, thus activating its launch escape system[10]
Soyuz T-10Salyut 7 EO-3:
Leonid Kizim
Vladimir Solovyov
Oleg Atkov		8 Feb 198411 Apr 198463 daysAll cosmonauts returned to Earth aboard Soyuz T-11 after 237 days in space[11]
Soyuz T-11Salyut 7 EP-3:
Yuri Malyshev
Gennady Strekalov
Rakesh Sharma		3 Apr 19842 Oct 1984182 daysSharma becomes first Indian citizen in space. All cosmonauts returned to Earth aboard Soyuz T-10 after 8 days in space[12]
Soyuz T-12Salyut 7 EP-4:
Vladimir Dzhanibekov
Svetlana Savitskaya
Igor Volk		17 Jul 198429 Jul 198412 days[13]
Soyuz T-13Salyut 7 EO-4a:
Vladimir Dzhanibekov
Viktor Savinykh		6 Jun 198526 Sept 1985112 daysRepaired the crippled station during their stay. Savinykh returned to Earth aboard Soyuz T-14 after 168 days in space[14]
Soyuz T-14Salyut 7 EO-4b:
Vladimir Vasyutin
Alexander Volkov
Salyut 7 EP-5:
Georgi Grechko		17 Sept 198521 Nov 198565 daysGrechko returned to Earth aboard Soyuz T-13 after 9 days in space. Mission ended prematurely after Vasyutin fell ill aboard the station[15]
Soyuz T-15Salyut 7 EO-5 / Mir EO-1:
Leonid Kizim
Vladimir Solovyov		13 Mar 198616 Jul 1986125 daysVisited both Salyut 7 and Mir, the only crewed spaceflight to visit two space stations simultaneously[16]

References
  1. Mark Wade. "Soyuz T". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Retrieved 25 May 2024.
  2. "Spaceflight mission report: Soyuz T-2". SPACEFACTS.de. Retrieved 5 June 2024.
  3. "Spaceflight mission report: Soyuz T-3". SPACEFACTS.de. Retrieved 5 June 2024.
  4. "Spaceflight mission report: Soyuz T-4". SPACEFACTS.de. Retrieved 5 June 2024.
  5. "Spaceflight mission report: Soyuz T-5". SPACEFACTS.de. Retrieved 5 June 2024.
  6. "Spaceflight mission report: Soyuz T-6". SPACEFACTS.de. Retrieved 5 June 2024.
  7. "Spaceflight mission report: Soyuz T-7". SPACEFACTS.de. Retrieved 5 June 2024.
  8. "Spaceflight mission report: Soyuz T-8". SPACEFACTS.de. Retrieved 5 June 2024.
  9. "Spaceflight mission report: Soyuz T-9". SPACEFACTS.de. Retrieved 5 June 2024.
  10. "Suborbital spaceflight mission report: Soyuz T-10A". SPACEFACTS.de. Retrieved 5 June 2024.
  11. "Spaceflight mission report: Soyuz T-10". SPACEFACTS.de. Retrieved 5 June 2024.
  12. "Spaceflight mission report: Soyuz T-11". SPACEFACTS.de. Retrieved 5 June 2024.
  13. "Spaceflight mission report: Soyuz T-12". SPACEFACTS.de. Retrieved 5 June 2024.
  14. "Spaceflight mission report: Soyuz T-13". SPACEFACTS.de. Retrieved 5 June 2024.
  15. "Spaceflight mission report: Soyuz T-14". SPACEFACTS.de. Retrieved 5 June 2024.
  16. "Spaceflight mission report: Soyuz T-15". SPACEFACTS.de. Retrieved 5 June 2024.
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