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We generally use modifiers such as "so" and "very" for gradable/normal adjectives (water can be quite/so/very HOT, but not quite/so/very BOILING (an ungradable/extreme adjective). Yet would you say the following sentences--which, I'd say, are quite commonplace in colloquial speech--are grammatically incorrect?

  1. You told the teacher I'd been cheating? You're SO dead! ("Dead", obviously, is ungradable.)

  2. Simon Cowell was seen with his VERY pregnant girlfriend. (A woman is either pregnant or not--it can't be graded.)

herisson
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Louel
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    Seems a distinction between rhetorical use and grammatical use - the former would include tropes such as exaggeration and irony. The latter doesn't really allow for these. I'd be interested to see what others have to say - good question. – Leon Conrad Feb 09 '14 at 10:30
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    I think it could be argued that 'pregnant' is gradable. A woman who has recently conceived does not appear any differently to normal. Yet she is 'pregnant'. One who is nine-months pregnant is obviously so. To say a woman is 'very pregnant' is perhaps a modern way of saying she is 'great with child'. So I think we need some different examples, aside from 'so dead'. I think this question inevitably turns on individual cases, some may be rhetorically accetable others simply ridiculous. – WS2 Feb 09 '14 at 10:38
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    How about "quite right" and "very wrong" (aren't these non-gradable?)? I've heard people so "You're so fired!" too. – Louel Feb 09 '14 at 10:43
  • @WS2: Whether pregnancy itself is gradable, the state of being "visibly pregnant" or "obviously pregnant" certainly is. While someone who is "visibly pregnant" may not be "obviously pregnant", someone who is "very visibly pregnant" is also apt to be "very obviously pregnant". Thus, the adverb modified by "very" (i.e. "visibly" or "obviously") becomes redundant. – supercat Feb 09 '14 at 17:44
  • Some people also use "so" this way: I'm SO not going to get married! I'm so eating that cheesecake! I guess "so" here means "seriously" or "really" or "surely". So you're "so" fired really means "you're surely getting fired". Am I right? – Louel Feb 09 '14 at 17:54
  • @Louel If 'so' means 'seriously, really or surely', why don't people use one of those terms rather than 'so'? Or why aren't they 'so "determined" not to get married'? – WS2 Feb 09 '14 at 17:58
  • @supercat There are other ways of being pregnant than 'visibly' or 'obviously'. I don't know if you are male or female but, if the latter, you could be the pregnant party. In which case you would simply know you were pregnant as a result of medical tests. So could you legitimately say 'I am very pregnant', or would you need to say 'I am in an advanced state of pregnancy'? As I have said I think 'pregnant' is gradable, though I can well imagine there are many who would disagree. – WS2 Feb 09 '14 at 18:05
  • And if one can be "very" pregnant, that raises another question: Can one lady be "more" pregnant than another one? :-D – Louel Feb 09 '14 at 18:07
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    @WS2: The phrase "very pregnant" means, essentially, "sufficiently advanced in pregnancy that the term 'very' could be applied to so many adverbs associated with pregnancy that it's not necessary to specify one". Grammatically, the term "very" doesn't modify "pregnant" so much as it modifies the other implied-but-unstated adverbs. – supercat Feb 09 '14 at 19:00

6 Answers6

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Sometimes words you may consider not gradable are used as gradable.

"Very pregnant" means last months of pregnancy, belly extremely bulged, movement impaired - a girl within first trimester can work at most jobs just fine. One who is very pregnant needs a lot of help.

When you simmer or boil your pasta, it's just boiling. If the water splashes all over the stove, or the cover is jumping on the pot, it's very boiling and you should reduce heat to let it simmer.

When you broke your mother's vase, she isn't going to commit a murder. Still, you're "so dead!" - meaning you're in a lot of trouble. In this case "dead" is used as hyperbole, synonymous to "in trouble" and that, in order is perfectly gradable.

SF.
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  • Interesting point. And how about "You're so fired"? Are there different levels of being fired? – Louel Feb 09 '14 at 10:39
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    How about 'the shop looks closed, very closed'. It seems a good enough device to me - a way of simply communicating that there is abundant evidence that the place is closed e.g. shutters up etc. – WS2 Feb 09 '14 at 11:20
  • Louel: Yes, you may get a reprimand with permanent record, you may get fired, you may get fired with all companies in the area warned about you, you may get transferred to other department, and so on. – SF. Feb 09 '14 at 17:12
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    @WS2: Cobwebs on the shutters, door welded shut, and a foreclosure note pasted on the door. The shop is very closed. – SF. Feb 09 '14 at 17:13
  • @Louel: People whose death is seen as inevitable may sometimes be regarded as though they are already dead (especially, e.g., in triage situations). Thus, "he's dead" may not mean that someone has actually died, but rather that there is no possible way the person will not be dead soon--short for "he's as good as dead". The latter meaning may be semantically gradable, even if the literal expression would not. – supercat Feb 09 '14 at 17:29
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    @Louel: "You're so fired" could be correctly uttered by someone without the authority to actually fire someone. This would imply that the ODDS of you being fired, for whatever just transpired or became known, is high. – MrWonderful Feb 09 '14 at 18:13
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    But are we saying 'very closed' in sincerity, as though it is a validly gradable adjective? Or are we using it with a knowing sense of irony? You can say anything provided it is with 'kspmi', indeed you can dress however you wish, and wear running shorts at a posh dinner party, provided you do it with kspmi (knowing sense of post-modernist irony). So are we saying 'very closed' with kspmi, or without? – WS2 Feb 09 '14 at 18:13
  • @WS2: I wouldn't call it irony, more like tongue-in-cheek. Imagine "Are you sure they are closed? Aren't they on a break, or something?" - to which you might answer how very closed they are. – SF. Feb 09 '14 at 19:38
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    @SF But isn't the person saying it doing so with a knowing sense that it is not strictly grammatical, and hence witty. – WS2 Feb 09 '14 at 20:59
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    @WS2: I wouldn't put it that way. It's akin to verbing arbitrary nouns, for some it's witty, for some it's abhorrent, for some it's natural. Considering how arguable gradability of any word is, I wouldn't call making a word more gradable than it is usually [see what I did here?] grammatically incorrect. Creative, maybe. – SF. Feb 10 '14 at 01:00
  • I can appreciate the substitution of dead(non-gradable) with in trouble(gradable). However, I've heard very used with dead elsewhere. In a video game, after I died, my friend told me that I am "Very Dead". Surely there's no gradable substitute here? – Cruncher Feb 10 '14 at 21:15
  • @Cruncher: In video games there are respawns, resurrects, hard knock-outs, alternate realities, multiple lives, undeath, and so on. Death is very gradable. But "quite dead" or "very dead" usually means "dead for sure", killed in a way that leaves no doubts as to chance of mysterious survival. – SF. Feb 10 '14 at 22:47
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It depends on if you define grammatical as conforming to the rules of grammar or regarded as correct and acceptable by native speakers of the language.

I believe everybody has heard those phrases, and probably they have raised the hackles of some. However, I think they are acceptable on the basis of the second definition of grammatical.

We understand that in most instances, so dead is a figure of speech. As such, as an idiom, it is grammatical, meaning in deep trouble, or worse, a threat:

Arrested: Hope Williams, 14, left, allegedly wrote 'he is so dead' about a classmate she believed was a snitch.

The same applies to very pregnant as an idiom.

Thirty-five-and-a-half months pregnant is very pregnant indeed. (correct)
The irony as regards the world's demise is very pregnant indeed. (correct)
So at 4 weeks one is very pregnant indeed. (I would say this was not idiomatic and therefore a rather silly use of very pregnant.)

anongoodnurse
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  • As I have said in my comment to SF, you can say anything provided it is with 'a knowing sense of irony'. – WS2 Feb 09 '14 at 18:17
  • @WS2, no, irony here is just the oil used to make the not-traditionally-grammatical pill easier to swallow for some people; there's no grammar police here to arrest you, you can say anything anytime, provided that you're able to speak. Smartness doesn't make a mistake excusable, but is that really a mistake? Why can't all adjectives be gradable? Even in cases where you'd expect a binary divide (eg. black, lit…) it's not hard to understand what is meant by someone using gradation: “this room is more lit than yesterday”. – Asche Mar 10 '17 at 19:55
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Both can be defended.

In the first, so is used for emphasis, and, in any case, dead isn’t being used literally.

In the second, very is also used for emphasis. The OED’s third definition of very is:

In emphatic use, denoting that the person or thing may be so named in the fullest sense of the term, or possesses all the essential qualities of the thing specified.

It means that her pregnancy was apparent, as opposed to that of a woman who had only recently become pregnant.

Barrie England
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To add something that the other answers haven't yet mentioned, I believe the pregnant example doesn't really mean that she is "very pregnant" but rather "very visibly pregnant" and the "visibly" has been omitted and is implied from context rather than explicitly stated.

The writers are quite clearly referencing the fact that she looks very large, not the length of her pregnancy - and so it's not referring to an ungradable adjective, because the "very" goes with the adverb "visibly".

As other answers have touched upon, "so" is used colloquially to mean "really" or "definitely", so your other example is not actually grading the adjective either, but rather grading the degree of certainty with the "diagnosis" of being dead/fired/etc.

starsplusplus
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I can't judge whether "very pregnant" is used by some people in spoken language. But if you hear it it shows that people not always speak according to grammar rules. In any case it would sound silly in written language.

rogermue
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  • Read this news article from the Daily Mail. Should we tell the writer he's SO fired? :-D http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2541466/Denver-Broncos-star-poses-GQ-spread-alongside-pregnant-country-singer-wife.html – Louel Feb 09 '14 at 11:00
  • A lot to read. It would be clearer to give the expression you refer to here. – rogermue Feb 09 '14 at 11:04
  • It's in the title. Anyway, here it is: Denver Broncos star poses for a GQ spread alongside his very pregnant country singer wife

    Read more: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2541466/Denver-Broncos-star-poses-GQ-spread-alongside-pregnant-country-singer-wife.html#ixzz2sp14452t Follow us: @MailOnline on Twitter | DailyMail on Facebook

     – Louel Feb 09 '14 at 11:05
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    For me this written example in a newspaper seems to indicate "spoken language". And what you find in newspapers is not always the best of language. – rogermue Feb 09 '14 at 11:12
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    I'd say it isn't poor language, and neither does it sound silly. It's just informal--and this usage is perfectly acceptable in this register. – Louel Feb 09 '14 at 11:20
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    @Louel why are you advertising DM twitter acc :) – user13107 Feb 10 '14 at 08:26
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The notion that a particular adjective is gradable is, at best, purely a cultural one, and probably intrinsically unstable. For example, the concept of dead vs alive is not actually a strict binary - often times people are medically dead until they are resuscitated, but are they actually dead? What about people who are in a coma and only still alive because of pacemakers and respirators? Versus, say, someone that has been reduced to a skeleton. There's clearly a difference in degree among these examples.

As with pregnancy. Consider the example of an ovum that is fertilized but not yet implanted, or a woman whose pregnancy is terminating during a very intense period, or a zygote that is implanted but not a viable embryo. Is their pregnancy really undifferentiable from a woman about to go into labor?

Ungradable adjectives were invented by some Anselmian grammarians who decided that, because they could conceive adjectival ungradability, the category must exist and therefore decided to start adding words to it. It has no intrinsic grammatical worth or purpose and can safely be jettisoned.

user2310967less
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  • I take the point in regards pregnant in his example not be in stage of process (though I can imagine someone doing so) but rather in degree of visibility. – virmaior Feb 10 '14 at 00:54