In its discussion of suspended compounds, Words Into Type, third edition (1974), after counseling avoidance of phrases of the type "in- and out-of-school facilities," has this to say:
Similarly, avoid expressions like the following.
given and surname; cattle and sheepmen
They should be written:
given name and surname; cattlemen and sheepmen
The "given and surname" example matches your author's proposed "experimental, behavioral, cognitive, evolutionary, and neuroeconomics" formulation, except in the number of terms involved.
The Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition (2003), is more tolerant of constructions of the type you are considering:
7.89 Hyphen with word space. When the second part of a hyphenated expression is omitted, the hyphen is retained, followed by a word space. [Examples omitted.] Omission of the second part of a solid compound follows the same pattern.
both over- and underfed cats
In Chicago's example, however, both compounds are "solid," whereas in yours, all four of the types of economics identified before neuroeconomics are open word pairs. Unfortunately, hyphenating neuroeconomics as neuro-economics still doesn't put that term on the same footing as the others because they aren't hyphenated compounds any more than they are solid compounds.
If I were dealing with an author who absolutely rejected the obvious approach of repeating the word economics in each of the first four terms of the series, I might offer instead the option
experimental, behavioral, cognitive, neuro-, and evolutionary economics
but really that just amounts to hiding the inconsistency in a slightly less prominent place. You'd be better off going with the wording
experimental economics, behavioral economics, cognitive economics, evolutionary economics, and neuroeconomics
which has the disadvantage of repetitiveness but the advantage of immediate clarity, or with some revision along the lines of
experimental, behavioral, cognitive, and evolutionary economics, as well as neuroeconomics
