It is said that "To give added punch, articles are often dropped in the titles of books, movies, music, and other works of art" and "To save space and boost impact, articles are usually dropped in headlines."
Source: David Appleyard's English Language Help Site
Is there any general rule or reference about dropping articles, especially in academic research papers?
Omitting an article (definite or indefinite) in a newspaper title is done for brevity and in order to attract more attention. There are some rules regarding titles (and they basically apply to newspapers and magazines and not to research journals). Firstly, usually Simple Present is used regardless of the time position of the action (which is usually in the past). Elaborating a bit more on the use of tenses, titles like "Egypt and Israel Move to Halt Growth of Crisis" (in The Herald Tribune, International) are quite interesting as the infinitive form "to halt" yields a shorter title.
Regarding articles, you may drop them as soon as the meaning remains clear. An example from "The Times, UK" is the title : "Fees will create class of stay-at-home students" while usually one would say "...a class...". The newspaper "Daily Mail, UK" on the other hand, in which journalists are not sparing with titles' length, you find titles like "How the rebels planned assault on Tripoli: Call to arms for 'sleeper cells' came from mosques". So it is more like a "rule of thumb" rather than a grammar rule.
In scientific papers in particular you can be more explicit and usually articles are not dropped.
Rather than exact rules, you will find some guidelines for omitting articles in titles and headlines. More often, articles about writing a good title for a journal paper or article talk about conciseness in general. Knowing exactly which articles can be safely omitted can be tricky. I suggest finding published articles with as similar a subject matter as possible and using those titles as models.
Articles are usually omitted in titles and headlines to save space and boost impact. How to Use Articles in Academic Writing
Articles are generally omitted in titles and headlines for conciseness and directness. How To Use Articles In Academic Writing
The OP asks about the articles in this instance:
"The current example doesn't mention cases in which one of the articles is dropped and another one is not. For example, a line from the official Emacs reference card: "Save a file back to disk: C-x C-s". Why the first article is kept, but the second one, before the word "disk", is omitted? (gnu.org/software/emacs/refcards/pdf/refcard.pdf)
The article is omitted here not to save space, but because the instruction is referring to a general category (all instances), rather than a specific instance.
WHEN NOT TO USE ARTICLES Non-native English writers commonly either omit or overuse articles. Articles are not always necessary. Articles are generally not used when referring to an entire category, such as education, patience, music, etc. That is "Music enhances learning" instead of "The music enhances learning." SciTechEdit
Paging, on the other hand, is the process of moving one or usually a related cluster of pages from disk to memory (paging in) or from memory to disk ( paging out). ref
Caching
There is a large disparity between the time it takes to write to memory and the time it takes to write to disk. ref
The former refers to processes moved from disk to memory, whereas the latter corresponds to processes moved from memory to disk. ref
Read/reading from disk/memory and write/writing to disk/memory are the standard, idiomatic phrases used for computers.
In the first example above, the a related cluster of pages refers to a/any given cluster, whereas to memory and to disk are being conventionally used as a category without reference to any specific memory/disk. We see something similar with a Note/Memo to File used, for example, in a research trial to document something (e.g. conduct). We're interested in the documentation and not the specific physical file where the note is kept (usually a paper file in this case).
Note that processes has no article in the last example. These are processes in general.
In the case of a plural, ask yourself whether it is being used as a category or for specific instances. If you can replace the with these/those, it usually means the article is necessary:
Animals can be dangerous. (Animals in general; the category)
Be careful! The animals can be dangerous. (These animals... or the animals I was talking about.)
Cold water can make for an invigorating shower. Cold water in general.
The cold water was only one reason we gave the inn a bad review. Specific--the cold water (only) that came out of their shower.
The particular context of "To give added punch" is about movie/book titles. That's really an aspect of marketese, which probably has little to do with OP's question.
In general, I think this question (about in [the] hospital) shows that there are no hard-and-fast rules, but sometimes there are cases where standard usage differs between US and UK.
I am not a native speaker, but my teachers have taught me not to use any articles in titles. However, I am not completely sure that this is a general rule. I am translating a text about a faculty now and I feel that articles are just needed...if we speak about fees, professors, etc. I feel like putting THE over and over again, because we think of a specific faculty.. What is more, I believe it is okay to omit articles in newspapers, because we want the news to be short and shocking, but in some other places, a word more or less does not make a big deal.
