Words like flammable/inflammable, valuable/invaluable, etc.
It doesn't look like there is a specific word to describe this phenomenon.
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Ehm, "invaluable" is not exactly a synonym of "valuable". – Mr Lister Jul 26 '18 at 14:51
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1@MrLister It’s close enough. – Lawrence Jul 26 '18 at 15:03
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1True, they don't have the exact same meaning but is there a term for this kind of thing? I think heterographic synonym would make sense but that's feels like a redundant form of synonym since most, if not all, synonyms are spelled differently from each other. – Arthur Jul 26 '18 at 15:13
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1Possible duplicate of Is there a name for synonyms that appear to have opposite meanings? – Laurel Oct 11 '19 at 15:38
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Apparently there is a word for words that are their own opposites. These are called "contronyms". But, I don't believe there is a word for words that "appear" to be opposites but are actually synonymous.
https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/contronym
http://mentalfloss.com/article/57032/25-words-are-their-own-opposites
However, each of your examples is not the same either. Flammable and inflammable do mean the same thing. They are actually two different synonymous words that have different origins. They were derived independently from English and Latin word usages.
https://www.merriam-webster.com/words-at-play/flammable-or-inflammable
Valuable and invaluable do not mean the same thing. The former means valuable within an estimation (worth an amount), while the latter means not valuable within any estimation (worth beyond any amount).
https://www.merriam-webster.com/words-at-play/invaluable-not-valuable-usage
user22542
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I find that in common usage, invaluable is often just overstatement for valuable. The second most common usage for invaluable is like "priceless heirloom", meaning "could fetch about $3.50 at an antique dealer or pawn shop." Just my AmE opinion. I'd give you +2 for contronym if I could. – Patrick M Jul 26 '18 at 16:09