I've heard this pronounced as two syllables: be-loved. And as three syllables: be-lov-ed.
Is only one correct? If not, what cases require each use?
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Good question. Since orthography doesn't distinguish, we have to pay attention to actual speech, and that's troublesome as usual. – John Lawler Sep 18 '21 at 14:45
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3Does this answer your question? Are there any pairs of words like "beloved"/"belovèd", "learned"/"learnèd" that maintain a semantic difference to the present day? Or this? Are there any adjectives still using a grave accent to signify pronunciation of an extra syllable, like blessèd? – Edwin Ashworth Sep 18 '21 at 15:44
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1Neither one of those provides an answer to the second question. The answer to the first question is that both are correct, but not all participles/adjectives of this shape have the option of an extra syllable. The second question is much harder and probably is best answered by a list of idiomatic constructions. – John Lawler Sep 18 '21 at 16:37
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1Speaking personally (Though I'm British and old enough to have had a fairly traditional education, in which the James I, Authorised Version of the Bible, and Anglican hymns, played a part) if blessed was being employed as a verb (past tense or participle) I would pronounce it in two syllables. Used as an adjective, I would give it three syllables. Used as a noun - it could go either way. – WS2 Sep 18 '21 at 20:18