Anaxyrus

Anaxyrus, containing the North American toads, is a genus of true toads in the family Bufonidae.[1] The genus is endemic to North and Central America, and contains many familiar North American toad species such as the American toad, Woodhouse's toad, and the western toad.

Anaxyrus
Temporal range:
Woodhouse's toad (Anaxyrus woodhousii)
American toad (Anaxyrus americanus)
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Amphibia
Order: Anura
Family: Bufonidae
Genus: Anaxyrus
Tschudi, 1845
Species

25, see text.

Most species in this genus were initially classified in Bufo, but were split due to their genetic divergence and geographic separation. Some authorities still consider Anaxyrus to be a subgenus within Bufo.[2][3] However, other authorities have disputed this classification, as doing so would also require all morphologically distinct Old World toad species to also be placed in Bufo.[1]

Species
Binomial name Described by, year Common name
Anaxyrus americanus ↔ Bufo americanus Holbrook, 1836 American toad
Anaxyrus baxteri ↔ Bufo baxteri Porter, 1968 Wyoming toad
Anaxyrus boreas ↔ Bufo boreas Baird & Girard, 1852 western toad
Anaxyrus californicus ↔ Bufo californicus Camp, 1915 arroyo toad
Anaxyrus canorus ↔ Bufo canorus Camp, 1916 Yosemite toad
Anaxyrus cognatus ↔ Bufo cognatus Say, 1823 Great Plains toad
Anaxyrus compactilis ↔ Bufo compactilis Wiegmann, 1833 plateau toad, Texas toad
Anaxyrus debilis ↔ Bufo debilis Girard, 1854 North American green toad
Anaxyrus exsul ↔ Bufo exsul G. Myers, 1942 black toad
Anaxyrus fowleri ↔ Bufo fowleri Hinckley, 1882 Fowler's toad
Anaxyrus hemiophrys ↔ Bufo hemiophrys Cope, 1886 Canadian toad
Anaxyrus houstonensis ↔ Bufo houstonensis Sanders, 1953 Houston toad
Anaxyrus kelloggi ↔ Bufo kelloggi Taylor, 1938 little Mexican toad
Anaxyrus mexicanus ↔ Bufo mexicanus Brocchi, 1879 southwestern toad
Anaxyrus microscaphus ↔ Bufo microscaphus Cope, 1867 Arizona toad
Anaxyrus monfontanus ↔ Bufo monfontanus Gordon, Simandle, Sandmeier & Tracy, 2020[3] Hot Creek toad
Anaxyrus nelsoni ↔ Bufo nelsoni Stejneger, 1893 Amargosa toad
Anaxyrus nevadensis ↔ Bufo nevadensis Gordon, Simandle, Sandmeier & Tracy, 2020[3] Railroad Valley toad
Anaxyrus punctatus ↔ Bufo punctatus Baird & Girard, 1852 red-spotted toad, Baird's spotted toad
Anaxyrus quercicus ↔ Bufo quercicus Holbrook, 1840 oak toad
Anaxyrus retiformis ↔ Bufo retiformis Sanders and H.M. Smith, 1951 Sonoran green toad
Anaxyrus speciosus ↔ Bufo speciosus Girard, 1854 Texas toad
Anaxyrus terrestris ↔ Bufo terrestris Bonnaterre, 1789 southern toad
Anaxyrus williamsi ↔ Bufo williamsi Gordon, Simandle, and Tracy, 2017 Dixie Valley toad
Anaxyrus woodhousii ↔ Bufo woodhousii Girard, 1854 Woodhouse's toad

The following fossil taxa are also known, all of which were also previously placed in Bufo:[4]

  • †Anaxyrus defensor (Meylan, 2005) (Pliocene/early Pleistocene of Florida)
  • †Anaxyrus hibbardi (Taylor, 1937) (Late Miocene of Kansas)
  • †Anaxyrus pliocompactilis (Wilson, 1968) (Late Miocene of Kansas, possibly synonymous with Anaxyrus compactilis or Anaxyrus speciosus)
  • †Anaxyrus repentinus (Tihen, 1962) (Mid-Late Pleistocene (Rancholabrean) of Kansas, possibly synonymous with Anaxyrus woodhousii or Anaxyrus cognatus)
  • †Anaxyrus rexroadensis (Tihen, 1962) (Pliocene/early Pleistocene of Kansas)
  • †Anaxyrus spongifrons (Tihen, 1962) (Late Miocene of Kansas)
  • †Anaxyrus suspectus (Tihen, 1962) (Pliocene/early Pleistocene (Blancan) of Kansas)
  • †Anaxyrus tiheni (Auffenberg, 1957) (Late Miocene of Florida)
  • †Anaxyrus valentinensis (Estes & Tihen, 1964) (Middle Miocene (Barstovian) of Nebraska)

References
  1. "Anaxyrus Tschudi, 1845 | Amphibian Species of the World". amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org. Retrieved 2024-03-22.
  2. Crother, Brian I. (2014). "A Checklist of North American Amphibians and Reptiles: The United States and Canada . Volume 1: Amphibians. Seventh Edition. By M. J. Fouquette Jr. and Alain Dubois. Bloomington (Indiana): Xlibris. $34.99 (hardcover); $23.99 (paper). 613 p.; index to generic and species names and index to common names. ISBN: 978-1-4931-7034-0 (hc); 978-1-4931-7035-7 (pb). 2014". The Quarterly Review of Biology. 89 (4): 404–405. doi:10.1086/678658. ISSN 0033-5770.
  3. Gordon, Michelle R.; Simandle, Eric T.; Sandmeier, Franziska C.; Tracy, C. Richard (2020). "Two New Cryptic Endemic Toads of Bufo Discovered in Central Nevada, Western United States (Amphibia: Bufonidae: Bufo [Anaxyrus])". Copeia. 108 (1): 166–183. doi:10.1643/CH-18-086. ISSN 0045-8511.
  4. Sanchiz, B. (2012-01-01). "Nomenclatural notes on living and fossil amphibians". Graellsia.
Wikispecies has information related to Anaxyrus.

Further reading
  • Tschudi JJ (1845). "Reptilium conspectus quae in Republica Peruana reperiuntur et pleraque observata vel collecta sunt in itinere". Archiv für Naturgeschichte 11 (1): 150–170. (Anaxyrus, new genus, p. 170). (in Latin)
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