Carapana language

Carapano has 11 consonants.[2]

• /p, t, k/ alternate with /pʰ, tʰ, kʰ/.[3]
• /b, d, g/ become [m, n, ŋ] before nasal vowels.[3] They become [ᵐb, ⁿd, ᵑg] after nasal vowels.[3]
• /b, d/ alternate with [ᵐb, ⁿd] at the beginning of a word, e.g., báì /báì/ [báì]~[ᵐbáì] 'younger brother'.[3]
• /s/ alternates with /t͡s/.[4]
• /ɾ/ has three variants
  • /n̆/ next to nasal vowels
  • /ɺ/ before oral vowels, at the beginning of a word, and
  • /ɾ/ elsewhere.[4]
• /w, h/ are often [β, x] before front vowels.[4]
• /j/ alternates with pre-stopped [ᵈj].[4]
• /w, j, h/ become [w̃, j̃, h̃] before nasal vowels.[4]

It also has 6 vowels and their nasalized forms, plus high and low tones.[2]

• The mid vowels /e, ẽ, o, õ/ are phonetically [ɛ, ɛ̃, ɔ, ɔ̃].[5]
• Mid tone is an allotone of the low tone.[6]

Metzger and Metzger use the following orthography.[7]

• Metzger, Ronald; Metzger, Lois (1973). "Fonología del carapana". Sistemas fonológicos de idiomas columbianos (in Spanish). Vol. 2. Instituto Lingüístico de Verano. pp. 121–132.