Corruption Perceptions Index

The Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) is an index that ranks countries "by their perceived levels of public sector[1] corruption, as determined by expert assessments and opinion surveys."[2] The CPI generally defines corruption as an "abuse of entrusted power for private gain".[3] The index is published annually by the non-governmental organisation Transparency International since 1995.[4]

Political corruption
Forms and concepts
Anti-corruption
Corruption by country
Africa
Asia
Europe
North America
Central America
South America
Oceania

The 2023 CPI, published in January 2024, currently ranks 180 countries "on a scale from 100 (very clean) to 0 (highly corrupt)" based on the situation between 1 May 2022 and 30 April 2023. Denmark, Finland, New Zealand, Norway, Singapore, and Sweden are perceived as the least corrupt nations in the world, ranking consistently high among international financial transparency, while the most apparently corrupt are Syria, South Sudan, and Venezuela (scoring 13), as well as Somalia (scoring 11).[5]

Although the CPI is currently the most widely used indicator of corruption globally, it is worth emphasizing that there are some limitations. First, the CPI does not distinguish between individual types of corruption (some are not even included in the index) and people's perceptions do not necessarily correspond to the actual level of corruption. To get a more comprehensive picture, the CPI should be used alongside other assessments. Furthermore, the CPI is better suited for analyzing long-term trends, as perceptions tend to change slowly.[6]

Methods

The following paragraph describes the methodology for calculating the index, which has been used to calculate the index since 2012, when the methodology was modified to allow comparison over time. The index is calculated in four steps: selection of source data, rescaling source data, aggregating the rescaled data and then reporting a measure for uncertainty.[7]

Selection of source data

The goal of the data selection is to capture expert and business leader assessments of various public sector corruption practices. This includes bribery, misuse of public funds, abuse of public office for personal gain, nepotism in civil service, and state capture. Since 2012 CPI takes into account 13 different surveys and assessments[8] from 12 different institutions.[9] The institutions are:

Countries need to be evaluated by at least three sources to appear in the CPI.[7] The CPI measures perception of corruption due to the difficulty of measuring absolute levels of corruption.[10] Transparency International commissioned the University of Passau's Johann Graf Lambsdorff to produce the CPI.[11] Early CPIs used public opinion surveys.[7]

Rescaling source data

In order for all data to be aggregated into the CPI index, it is first necessary to carry out standardization during which all data points are converted to a scale of 0-100. Here, 0 represents the most corruption and 100 signifies the least. Indices originally measuring corruption inversely (higher values for higher corruption) are multiplied by -1 to align with the 0-100 scale.

In the next step, the mean and standard deviation for each data source based on data from the baseline year are calculated (the "impute" command of the STATA statistical software package is used to replace missing values). Subsequently, a standardized z score is calculated with an average centered around 0 and a standard deviation of 1 for each source from each country. Finally, these scores are converted back to a 0-100 scale with a mean of approximately 45 and a standard deviation of 20. Scores below 0 are set to 0, and scores exceeding 100 are capped at 100. This ensures consistent comparability across years since 2012.

Aggregating the rescaled data

The resulting CPI index for each country is calculated as a simple average of all its rescaled scores that are available for the given country, while at least three data sources must be available in order to calculate the index. The imputed data is used only for standardization and is not used as a score to calculate the index.

Reporting a measure for uncertainty

The CPI score is accompanied by a standard error and confidence interval. This reflects the variation present within the data sources used for a particular country or territory.

Validity

A study published in 2002 found a "very strong significant correlation" between the Corruption Perceptions Index and two other proxies for corruption: black market activity and an overabundance of regulation.[12]

All three metrics also had a highly significant correlation with the real gross domestic product per capita (RGDP/Cap); the Corruption Perceptions Index correlation with RGDP/Cap was the strongest, explaining over three-quarters of the variance.[12] (Note that a lower rating on this scale reflects greater corruption so that countries with higher RGDPs generally had less corruption.)

Alex Cobham of the Center for Global Development reported in 2013 that "many of the staff and chapters" at Transparency International, the publisher of the Corruption Perceptions Index, "protest internally" over concerns about the index. The original creator of the index, Johann Graf Lambsdorff, withdrew from work on the index in 2009, stating "In 1995 I invented the Corruption Perceptions Index and have orchestrated it ever since, putting TI on the spotlight of international attention. In August 2009 I have informed Cobus de Swardt, managing director of TI, that I am no longer available for doing the Corruption Perceptions Index."[13]

CPI and Economic Growth

Research papers published in 2007 and 2008 examined the economic consequences of corruption perception, as defined by the CPI. The researchers found a correlation between a higher CPI and higher long-term economic growth,[14] as well as an increase in GDP growth of 1.7% for every unit increase in a country's CPI score.[15] Also shown was a power-law dependence linking higher CPI score to higher rates of foreign investment in a country.

The research article The investigation of the relationship between corruption perception index and GDP in the cake of the Balkans[16] from 2020 confirms the positive co-integration relationship in Balkan countries between CPI and GDP and calculates the affecting rate of CDI GDP as 0.34. Moreover, the direction of causality between CDI and GDP was identified from CDI to GDP and, according to this, the hypothesis that CDI is the cause of GDP was accepted.

Working paper Corruption and economic growth: New empirical evidence[17] from 2019 emphasizes that many previous studies used the CPI for their analysis before 2012 (when the index was difficult to compare over time) and therefore may be biased. At the same time, it presents new empirical evidence based on data for 175 over the period 2012-2018. The results show that corruption is negatively associated with economic growth (Real per capita GDP decreased by around 17% in the long-run when the reversed CPI increased by one standard deviation).

CPI and Justice

As reported by Transparency International, there is a correlation between the absence of discrimination and a better CPI score. That indicates that in countries with high corruption, equal treatment before the law is not guaranteed and there is more space for discrimination against specific groups.[18]

It seems that the country's justice system is an important protector of the country against corruption, and conversely, a high level of corruption can undermine the effectiveness of the justice system.Furthermore, as noted by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), justice systems around the world are overburdened with large caseloads, chronically underfunded and in need of more financial and human resources to properly fulfill their mandates. This, in combination with increasing outside interference, pressures and efforts to undermine judicial independence, results in the inability of justice systems to control corruption. The latest edition of the World Justice Project's Rule of Law Index, which shows that in the past year, justice systems in most countries exhibited signs of deterioration, including increasing delays and lower levels of accessibility and affordability, also serves as evidence of the urgency of the situation. Conversely, because corruption implies disproportionate favoring of some groups or individuals over others, it prevents people from accessing justice. For example, a person may rely on personal contacts to change a statutory process.

As shown in the Corruption Perception Index 2023, there is also a positive relationship between corruption and impunity. Countries with higher levels of corruption are less likely to sanction public officials for failing to adhere to existing rules and fulfilled their responsibilities. A positive relationship was also shown between corruption and access to justice.[19]

CPI and Some Other Phenomena and Indices

Thesis The Relationship Between Corruption And Income Inequality: A Ccrossnational Study,[20] published in 2013, investigates the connection between corruption and income inequality on a global scale. The study's key finding is a robust positive association between income inequality (measured by the Gini coefficient) and corruption (measured by the CPI).

A study from 2001[21] shows that the more affected by corruption, the worse a country's environmental performance. Measuring national environmental performance according to 67 variables, the closest match is with the 2000 TI Corruption Perceptions Index, which revealed a 0.75 correlation with the ranking of environmental performance.

A 2022 study titled "Statistical Analyses on the Correlation Perception Index and Some Other Indices in Nigeria"[22] investigated the relationship between the Corruption Perception Index in Nigeria and other relevant indices. These other indices included the Human Development Index (HDI), Global Peace Index (GPI), and Global Hunger Index (GHI). The result from the analysis carried out on the standardized data set shows that a positive linear relationship exists among all the variable considered except for CPI and GPI holding HDI and GHI constant which indicates a negative linear relationship between them.

A study investigating the relationship between public governance and the Corruption Perception Index[23] found that aspects of public administration like voice and accountability, political stability, and rule of law significantly influence how corrupt a country is perceived to be. This suggests that strong governance practices can be effective in reducing corruption.

Assessments

The Index’s methodology was criticized in the past.[24]

According to political scientist Dan Hough, three flaws in the Index include:[25]

  • Corruption is too complex a concept to be captured by a single score. For instance, the nature of corruption in rural Kansas will be different from that in the city administration of New York, yet the Index measures them in the same way.
  • By measuring perceptions of corruption, as opposed to corruption itself, the Index may simply be reinforcing existing stereotypes and cliches.
  • The Index only measures public sector corruption, ignoring the private sector. This, for instance, means the well-publicized Libor scandal, Odebrecht case and the VW emissions scandal are not counted as corrupt actions.

Media outlets frequently use the raw numbers as a yardstick for government performance, without clarifying what the numbers mean. The local Transparency International chapter in Bangladesh disowned the index results after a change in methodology caused the country's scores to increase; media reported it as an "improvement".[26]

In a 2013 article in Foreign Policy, Alex Cobham suggested that CPI should be dropped for the good of Transparency International. It argues that the CPI embeds a powerful and misleading elite bias in popular perceptions of corruption, potentially contributing to a vicious cycle and at the same time incentivizing inappropriate policy responses. Cobham writes, "the index corrupts perceptions to the extent that it's hard to see a justification for its continuing publication."[27]

Recent econometric analyses that have exploited the existence of natural experiments on the level of corruption and compared the CPI with other subjective indicators have found that, while not perfect, the CPI is argued to be broadly consistent with one-dimensional measures of corruption.[28]

In the United States, many lawyers advise international businesses to consult the CPI when attempting to measure the risk of Foreign Corrupt Practices Act violations in different nations. This practice has been criticized by the Minnesota Journal of International Law, which wrote that since the CPI may be subject to perceptual biases it therefore should not be considered by lawyers to be a measure of actual national corruption risk.[29]

Transparency International also publishes the Global Corruption Barometer, which ranks countries by corruption levels using direct surveys instead of perceived expert opinions, which has been under criticism for substantial bias from the powerful elite.[27]

Transparency International has warned that a country with a clean CPI score may still be linked to corruption internationally. For example, while Sweden had the 3rd best CPI score in 2015, one of its state-owned companies, TeliaSonera, was facing allegations of bribery in Uzbekistan.[30]

Ranking over Time

As stated by Transparency International in 2024,[31] the level of corruption stagnates at the global level. Only 28 of the 180 countries measured by the CPI index have improved their corruption levels over the last twelve years, and 34 countries have significantly worsened. No significant change was recorded for 118 countries. Moreover, according to Transparency International, over 80 percent of the population lives in countries whose CPI index is lower than the global average of 43, and thus corruption remains a problem that affects the majority of people globally.

Among the states with the most significant decline in the CPI are authoritarian states such as Venezuela, as well as established democracies that have been rated high for a long time, such as Sweden (decrease of 7, the current score 82) or Great Britain (decrease 3, current score 71). Other countries experiencing sharp declines include Sri Lanka, Mongolia, Gabon, Guatemala, and Turkey. In contrast, the most significant improvements in the CPI score over the last twelve years were recorded by Uzbekistan, Tanzania, Ukraine, Côte d'Ivoire, the Dominican Republic and Kuwait.

Legend
Scores Perceived as less corrupt Perceived as more corrupt
99–90 89–80 79–70 69–60 59–50 49–40 39–30 29–20 19–10 9–0

2020–2023

Corruption Perceptions Index table:[32]

# Nation or Territory 2023[5] 2022[33] 2021[34] 2020[35]
Score Δ[lower-roman 1] Score Δ[lower-roman 1] Score Δ[lower-roman 1] Score Δ[lower-roman 1]
1 Denmark
90
90
88
88
2 Finland
87
87
 1
88
 2
85
3 New Zealand
85
 1
87
 1
88
88
4 Norway
84
84
85
 3
84
5 Singapore
83
83
 1
85
 1
85
 1
6 Sweden
82
 1
83
 1
85
 1
85
 1
6  Switzerland
82
 1
82
84
 4
85
 1
8 Netherlands
79
80
82
82
9 Germany
78
79
 1
80
 1
80
9 Luxembourg
78
 1
77
 1
81
80
11 Ireland
77
 1
77
 3
74
 7
72
 2
12 Canada
76
 2
74
 1
75
 2
77
 1
12 Estonia
76
 2
74
 1
74
 4
75
 1
14 Australia
75
 1
75
 5
73
 7
77
 1
14 Hong Kong
75
 2
76
76
 1
77
 5
16 Belgium
73
 2
73
73
 3
76
 2
16 Japan
73
 2
73
73
 1
74
 1
16 Uruguay
73
 2
74
 4
73
 3
71
19 Iceland
72
 5
74
 1
74
 4
75
 6
20 Austria
71
 2
71
 9
74
 2
76
 3
20 France
71
 1
72
 1
71
 1
69
20 Seychelles
71
 3
70
70
 4
66
20 United Kingdom
71
 2
73
 7
78
77
 1
24 Barbados
69
 5
65
65
64
 1
24 United States
69
69
 3
67
 2
67
 2
26 Bhutan
68
 1
68
68
 1
68
 1
26 United Arab Emirates
68
 1
67
 3
69
 3
71
28 Taiwan
67
 3
68
68
 3
65
29 Chile
66
 2
67
67
 2
67
 1
30 Bahamas
64
64
64
63
 1
30 Cape Verde
64
 5
60
 4
58
 2
58
32 South Korea
63
 1
63
 1
62
 1
61
 6
33 Israel
62
 2
63
 5
59
 1
60
34 Lithuania
61
 1
62
 1
61
 1
60
34 Portugal
61
 1
62
 1
62
 1
61
 3
36 Latvia
60
 3
59
 3
59
 6
57
 2
36 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
60
 1
60
 1
59
 4
59
 1
36 Spain
60
 1
60
 1
61
 2
62
 2
— Brunei Darussalam — — —
60
39 Botswana
59
 4
60
 10
55
 10
60
 1
40 Qatar
58
58
 9
63
 1
63
41 Czechia
57
56
 8
54
54
 5
42 Dominica
56
55
55
 3
55
42 Italy
56
 1
56
 1
56
 10
53
 1
42 Slovenia
56
 1
56
57
 6
60
45 Costa Rica
55
 3
54
 9
58
 3
57
 2
45 Saint Lucia
55
55
 3
56
 3
56
 3
47 Poland
54
 2
55
 3
56
 3
56
 4
47 Slovakia
54
 2
53
 7
52
 4
49
 1
49 Cyprus
53
 2
52
 1
53
 10
57
 1
49 Georgia
53
 8
56
 4
55
56
 1
49 Grenada
53
 2
52
 1
53
53
 1
49 Rwanda
53
 5
51
 2
53
 3
54
 2
53 Fiji
52
 4
53
 4
55
 10 —
53 Saudi Arabia
52
 1
51
 2
53
53
 1
55 Malta
51
 1
51
 5
54
 3
53
 2
55 Mauritius
51
 2
50
 8
54
 3
53
 4
57 Croatia
50
50
 6
47
47
57 Malaysia
50
 4
47
 1
48
 5
51
 6
59 Greece
49
 8
52
 7
49
 1
50
 1
59 Namibia
49
49
 1
49
 1
51
 1
61 Vanuatu
48
 1
48
 6
45
 9
43
 11
62 Armenia
47
 1
46
 5
49
 2
49
 17
63 Kuwait
46
 14
42
 4
43
 5
42
 7
63 Jordan
46
 2
47
 3
49
 2
49
63 Montenegro
46
 2
45
 1
46
 3
45
 1
63 Romania
46
46
 3
45
 3
44
 1
67 Bulgaria
45
 5
43
 6
42
 9
44
 5
67 São Tomé and Príncipe
45
 2
45
 1
45
 3
47
 1
69 Jamaica
44
44
 1
44
 1
44
 5
70 Ghana
43
 2
43
 1
43
 2
43
 5
70 Benin
43
 2
43
 6
42
 5
41
 3
70 Oman
43
 1
44
 13
52
 7
54
 7
70 Senegal
43
 2
43
 1
43
 6
45
 1
70 Solomon Islands
43
 7
42
 4
43
 5
42
 1
70 Timor-Leste
43
 7
42
 5
41
 4
40
 7
76 Bahrain
42
 7
44
 9
42
42
 1
76 China
42
 11
45
 1
45
 12
42
 2
76 Cuba
42
 11
45
 1
46
 1
47
 3
76 Hungary
42
 1
42
 4
43
 4
44
 1
76 Moldova
42
 15
39
 14
36
 10
34
 5
76 North Macedonia
42
 9
40
 2
39
 24
35
 5
76 Trinidad and Tobago
42
 1
42
 5
41
 4
40
 1
83 Burkina Faso
41
 6
42
 1
42
 8
40
 1
83 Kosovo
41
 1
41
 3
39
 17
36
 3
83 South Africa
41
 11
43
 2
44
 1
44
 1
83 Vietnam
41
 6
42
 10
39
 17
36
 8
87 Colombia
40
 4
39
 4
39
 5
39
 4
87 Guyana
40
 2
40
 2
39
 4
41
 2
87 Ivory Coast
40
 12
37
 6
36
 1
36
 2
87 Suriname
40
 2
40
 2
39
 7
38
 24
87 Tanzania
40
 7
38
 7
39
 7
38
 2
87 Tunisia
40
 2
40
 15
44
 1
44
 5
93 Kazakhstan
39
 8
36
 1
37
 8
38
 19
93 India
39
 8
40
40
 1
40
 6
93 Lesotho
39
 6
37
 3
38
 13
41
 2
93 Maldives
39
 8
40
40
 10
43
 55
97 Morocco
38
 3
38
 7
39
 1
40
 6
98 Argentina
37
 4
38
 2
38
 18
42
 12
98 Albania
37
 3
36
 9
35
 6
36
 2
98 Belarus
37
 7
39
 9
41
 19
47
 3
98 Ethiopia
37
 4
38
 7
39
 7
38
 2
98 Gambia
37
 12
34
 8
37
37
 6
98 Zambia
37
 18
33
 1
33
33
 4
104 Algeria
36
 12
33
 1
33
 13
36
 2
104 Brazil
36
 10
38
 2
38
 2
38
 12
104 Serbia
36
 3
36
 5
38
 2
38
 3
104 Ukraine
36
 12
33
 6
32
 5
33
 9
108 Bosnia and Herzegovina
35
 2
34
35
 1
35
 10
108 Dominican Republic
35
 15
32
 5
30
 9
28
108 Egypt
35
 22
30
 13
33
33
 11
108   Nepal
35
 2
34
 7
33
33
 4
108 Panama
35
 7
36
 4
36
 6
35
 10
108 Sierra Leone
35
 2
34
 5
34
 2
33
 2
108 Thailand
35
 7
36
 9
35
 6
36
 3
115 Ecuador
34
 14
36
 4
36
 13
39
 1
115 Indonesia
34
 5
34
 14
38
 6
37
 17
115 Malawi
34
 5
34
35
 19
30
 6
115 Philippines
34
 1
33
 1
33
 2
34
 2
115 Sri Lanka
34
 14
36
 1
37
 8
38
 1
115 Turkey
34
 14
36
 5
38
 10
40
 5
121 Angola
33
 5
33
 20
29
 6
27
 4
121 Mongolia
33
 5
33
 6
35
 1
35
 5
121 Peru
33
 20
36
 4
36
 11
38
 7
121 Uzbekistan
33
 5
31
 14
28
 6
26
 7
125 Niger
32
 2
32
 1
31
 1
32
 3
126 El Salvador
31
 10
33
 1
34
 11
36
 9
126 Kenya
31
 3
32
 5
30
 4
31
 13
126 Mexico
31
31
 2
31
31
 6
126 Togo
31
 4
30
 2
30
 6
29
 4
130 Djibouti
30
30
 2
30
 14
27
 16
130 Eswatini
30
30
 8
32
 5
33
 4
130 Mauritania
30
30
 10
28
 6
29
 3
133 Bolivia
29
 7
31
 2
30
 4
31
 1
133 Pakistan
29
 7
27
28
 16
31
 4
133 Papua New Guinea
29
 3
30
 6
31
 18
27
 5
136 Gabon
28
29
 12
31
 5
30
 6
136 Laos
28
 10
31
 2
30
 6
29
 4
136 Mali
28
 1
28
 1
29
 7
30
 1
136 Paraguay
28
 1
28
 9
30
 9
28
140 Cameroon
27
 2
26
 2
27
 5
25
 4
141 Guinea
26
 6
25
 3
25
 13
28
 7
141 Kyrgyzstan
26
 1
27
 4
27
 20
31
 2
141 Russia
26
 4
28
 1
29
 7
30
 8
141 Uganda
26
 1
26
 2
27
 2
27
 5
145 Liberia
25
 3
26
 6
29
 1
28
145 Madagascar
25
 3
26
 5
26
 2
25
 9
145 Mozambique
25
 3
26
 5
26
 2
25
 3
145 Nigeria
25
 5
24
 4
24
 5
25
 3
149 Bangladesh
24
 2
25
26
 1
26
149 Central African Republic
24
 1
24
 4
24
 8
26
 7
149 Iran
24
 2
25
 3
25
 1
25
 3
149 Lebanon
24
 1
24
 4
24
 5
25
 12
149 Zimbabwe
24
 8
23
23
24
 1
154 Azerbaijan
23
 3
23
 29
30
 1
30
 3
154 Guatemala
23
 4
24
25
 1
25
 3
154 Honduras
23
 3
23
23
24
 11
154 Iraq
23
 3
23
23
 3
21
 2
158 Cambodia
22
 8
24
 7
23
 3
21
 2
158 Congo
22
 6
21
 2
21
 3
19
158 Guinea-Bissau
22
 6
21
 2
21
 3
19
 3
161 Eritrea
21
 1
22
 1
22
 1
21
162 Afghanistan
20
 12
24
 24
16
 9
19
 8
162 Burundi
20
 9
17
 2
19
 4
19
162 Chad
20
 5
19
 3
20
 4
21
 2
162 Comoros
20
 5
19
 3
20
 4
21
 7
162 Democratic Republic of the Congo
20
 4
20
 3
19
 1
18
 2
162 Myanmar
20
 5
23
 17
28
 3
28
 7
162 Sudan
20
22
 2
20
 10
16
 1
162 Tajikistan
20
 12
24
25
 1
25
 4
170 Libya
18
 1
17
 1
17
 1
17
 5
170 Turkmenistan
18
 3
19
 2
19
 4
19
172 Equatorial Guinea
17
 1
17
 1
17
 2
16
 1
172 Haiti
17
 1
17
 7
20
 6
18
 2
172 Nicaragua
17
 5
19
 3
20
 5
22
 2
172 North Korea
17
 1
17
 3
16
 4
18
 2
176 Yemen
16
16
 2
16
 2
15
 1
177 Venezuela
13
14
14
 1
15
 3
177 South Sudan
13
 1
13
 2
11
 1
12
177 Syria
13
 1
13
13
14
180 Somalia
11
12
 2
13
 1
12
 1

2010–2019

Corruption Perceptions Index table:[32]

# Nation or Territory 2019[36] 2018[37] 2017[38] 2016[39] 2015[40] 2014[41] 2013[42] 2012[43] 2011[44] 2010[45]
Score Δ[lower-roman 1] Score Δ[lower-roman 1] Score Δ[lower-roman 1] Score Δ[lower-roman 1] Score Δ[lower-roman 1] Score Δ[lower-roman 1] Score Δ[lower-roman 1] Score Δ[lower-roman 1] Score Δ[lower-roman 1] Score Δ[lower-roman 1]
1 New Zealand
87
87
 2
89
 1
90
 1
91
91
91
 1
90
1 Denmark
87
 1
88
88
 2
90
 1
91
 1
92
 1
91
 1
90
3 Finland
86
 1
85
85
 4
89
 1
90
 1
89
89
 1
90
4 Sweden
85
85
 1
84
 4
88
 1
89
 2
87
 2
89
 1
88
4 Singapore
85
85
 1
84
84
 1
85
 1
84
 2
86
 1
87
4  Switzerland
85
85
85
 1
86
86
86
 1
85
 1
86
7 Norway
84
84
 1
85
85
 2
87
 1
86
86
 1
85
8 Netherlands
82
82
82
 1
83
 4
87
 4
83
83
 1
84
9 Germany
80
80
 1
81
81
81
 2
79
 1
78
 1
79
9 Luxembourg
80
 1
81
 1
82
 1
81
81
 1
82
 2
80
80
11 Iceland
78
 2
76
 1
77
 1
78
 1
79
79
 1
78
 4
82
12 United Kingdom
77
 3
80
 2
82
 1
81
81
 3
78
 2
76
 2
74
12 Canada
77
 4
81
 1
82
82
 1
83
 2
81
81
 3
84
12 Austria
77
 1
76
 1
75
75
 1
76
 4
72
 3
69
69
12 Australia
77
77
77
 2
79
79
 1
80
 1
81
 4
85
16 Hong Kong
76
76
 1
77
77
 2
75
 1
74
 1
75
 2
77
17 Belgium
75
75
75
 2
77
77
 1
76
 1
75
75
18 Estonia
74
 1
73
 2
71
 1
70
70
 1
69
 1
68
 4
64
18 Ireland
74
 1
73
 1
74
 1
73
 2
75
 1
74
 2
72
 3
69
20 Japan
73
73
73
 1
72
 3
75
 1
76
 2
74
74
21 United Arab Emirates
71
 1
70
 1
71
 5
66
 4
70
70
 1
69
 1
68
21 Uruguay
71
 1
70
70
 1
71
 3
74
 1
73
73
 1
72
23 United States
69
 2
71
 4
75
 1
74
 2
76
 2
74
 1
73
73
23 France
69
 3
72
 2
70
 1
69
 1
70
 1
69
 2
71
71
25 Bhutan
68
68
 1
67
 2
65
65
65
 2
63
63
26 Chile
67
67
67
 1
66
 4
70
 3
73
 2
71
 1
72
27 Seychelles
66
66
 6
60
 5
55
55
 1
54
 2
52
28 Taiwan
65
 2
63
63
 2
61
 1
62
 1
61
61
61
29 Bahamas
64
 1
65
65
 1
66
71
71
71
30 Barbados
62
 6
68
68
 7
61
74
 1
75
 1
76
30 Portugal
62
 2
64
 1
63
 1
62
 1
63
63
 1
62
 1
63
30 Spain
62
 4
58
 1
57
 1
58
58
 2
60
 1
59
 6
65
30 Qatar
62
62
 1
63
 2
61
 10
71
 2
69
 1
68
68
34 Botswana
61
61
61
 1
60
 3
63
63
 1
64
 1
65
35 Brunei Darussalam
60
 3
63
 1
62
 4
58
60
 5
55
35 Lithuania
60
 1
59
59
59
 2
61
 3
58
 1
57
 3
54
35 Israel
60
 1
61
 1
62
 2
64
 3
61
 1
60
 1
61
 1
60
35 Slovenia
60
60
 1
61
61
 1
60
 2
58
 1
57
 4
61
39 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
59
 1
58
58
 2
60
67
 5
62
62
39 South Korea
59
 2
57
 3
54
 1
53
 3
56
 1
55
55
 1
56
41 Cape Verde
58
 1
57
 2
55
 4
59
 4
55
 2
57
 1
58
 2
60
41 Poland
58
 2
60
60
 2
62
62
 1
61
 1
60
 2
58
41 Cyprus
58
 1
59
 2
57
 2
55
 6
61
 2
63
63
 3
66
44 Costa Rica
56
56
 3
59
 1
58
 3
55
 1
54
 1
53
 1
54
44 Georgia
56
 2
58
 2
56
 1
57
 5
52
52
 3
49
 3
52
44 Latvia
56
 2
58
58
 1
57
 2
55
55
 2
53
 4
49
44 Czech Republic
56
 3
59
 2
57
 2
55
 1
56
 5
51
 3
48
 1
49
48 Saint Lucia
55
55
55
 5
60
71
71
48 Dominica
55
 2
57
57
 2
59
58
58
58
50 Malta
54
54
 2
56
 1
55
 1
56
 1
55
 1
56
 1
57
51 Malaysia
53
 6
47
47
 2
49
 1
50
 2
52
 2
50
 1
49
51 Grenada
53
 1
52
52
 4
56
51 Rwanda
53
 3
56
 1
55
 1
54
54
 5
49
 4
53
53
51 Saudi Arabia
53
 4
49
49
 3
46
 6
52
 3
49
 3
46
 2
44
51 Italy
53
 1
52
 2
50
 3
47
 3
44
 1
43
43
 1
42
56 Oman
52
52
 8
44
 1
45
45
45
 2
47
47
56 Namibia
52
 1
53
 2
51
 1
52
 1
53
 4
49
 1
48
48
56 Mauritius
52
 1
51
 1
50
 4
54
 1
53
 1
54
 2
52
 5
57
59 Slovakia
50
50
50
 1
51
51
 1
50
 3
47
 1
46
60 Jordan
48
 1
49
 1
48
48
 5
53
 4
49
 4
45
 3
48
60 Greece
48
 3
45
 3
48
 4
44
 2
46
 3
43
 3
40
 4
36
60 Cuba
48
 1
47
47
47
47
 1
46
46
 2
48
63 Croatia
47
 1
48
 1
49
49
 2
51
 3
48
48
 2
46
64 São Tomé and Príncipe
46
46
46
46
 4
42
42
42
42
64 Vanuatu
46
46
 3
43
66 Argentina
45
 5
40
 1
39
 3
36
 4
32
 2
34
34
 1
35
66 Montenegro
45
45
 1
46
 1
45
 1
44
 2
42
 2
44
 3
41
66 Senegal
45
45
45
45
 1
44
 1
43
 2
41
 5
36
66 Belarus
45
 1
44
44
 4
40
 8
32
 1
31
 2
29
 2
31
70 Hungary
44
 2
46
 1
45
 3
48
 3
51
 3
54
54
 1
55
70 South Africa
44
 1
43
43
 2
45
 1
44
44
 2
42
 1
43
70 Romania
44
 3
47
 1
48
48
 2
46
 3
43
43
 1
44
 8
70 Suriname
44
 1
43
 2
41
 4
45
 9
36
36
36
 1
37
74 Jamaica
43
 1
44
44
 5
39
 2
41
 3
38
38
38
74 Tunisia
43
43
 1
42
 1
41
 3
38
 2
40
 1
41
41
74 Bulgaria
43
 1
42
 1
43
 2
41
41
 2
43
 2
41
41
77 Bahrain
42
 6
36
36
 7
43
 8
51
 2
49
 1
48
 3
51
77 Solomon Islands
42
 2
44
 5
39
 3
42
77 Armenia
42
 7
35
35
 2
33
 2
35
 2
37
 1
36
 2
34
80 Ghana
41
41
 1
40
 3
43
 4
47
 1
48
 2
46
 1
45
80 Morocco
41
 2
43
 3
40
 3
37
 1
36
 3
39
 2
37
37
80 India
41
41
 1
40
40
 2
38
38
 2
36
36
80 China
41
 2
39
 2
41
 1
40
 3
37
 1
36
 4
40
 1
39
80 Benin
41
 1
40
 1
39
 3
36
 1
37
 2
39
 3
36
36
85 Guyana
40
 3
37
 1
38
 4
34
 5
29
 1
30
 3
27
 1
28
85 Trinidad and Tobago
40
 1
41
41
 6
35
 4
39
 1
38
38
 1
39
85 Indonesia
40
 2
38
 1
37
37
 1
36
 2
34
 2
32
32
85 Burkina Faso
40
 1
41
 1
42
42
 4
38
38
38
38
85 Lesotho
40
 1
41
 1
42
 3
39
 5
44
 5
49
49
 4
45
85 Kuwait
40
 1
41
 2
39
 2
41
 8
49
 5
44
 1
43
 1
44
91 Serbia
39
39
 2
41
 1
42
 2
40
 1
41
 1
42
 3
39
91 Turkey
39
 2
41
 1
40
 1
41
 1
42
 3
45
 5
50
 1
49
93 Sri Lanka
38
38
38
 2
36
 1
37
 1
38
 1
37
 3
40
93 Ecuador
38
 4
34
 2
32
 1
31
 1
32
 1
33
 2
35
 3
32
93 Timor-Leste
38
 3
35
 3
38
 3
35
 7
28
28
 2
30
 3
33
96 Ethiopia
37
 3
34
 1
35
 1
34
 1
33
33
33
33
96 Vietnam
37
 4
33
 2
35
 2
33
 2
31
31
31
31
96 Gambia
37
37
 7
30
 4
26
 2
28
 1
29
 1
28
 6
34
96 Colombia
37
 1
36
 1
37
37
37
37
 1
36
36
96 Tanzania
37
36
36
 4
32
 2
30
 1
31
 2
33
 2
35
101 Kosovo
36
 1
37
 2
39
 3
36
 3
33
33
33
 1
34
101 Thailand
36
36
 1
37
 2
35
 3
38
38
 3
35
 2
37
101 Peru
36
 1
35
 2
37
 2
35
 1
36
 2
38
38
38
101 Panama
36
 1
37
37
 1
38
 1
39
 2
37
 2
35
 3
38
101 Bosnia and Herzegovina
36
 2
38
38
 1
39
 1
38
 1
39
 3
42
42
106 Brazil
35
35
 2
37
 3
40
 2
38
 5
43
 1
42
 1
43
106 Mongolia
35
 2
37
 1
36
 2
38
 1
39
39
 1
38
 2
36
106 Albania
35
 1
36
 2
38
 1
39
 3
36
 3
33
 2
31
 2
33
106 Egypt
35
35
 3
32
 2
34
 2
36
 1
37
 5
32
32
106 Algeria
35
35
 2
33
 1
34
 2
36
36
36
 2
34
106 Ivory Coast
35
35
 1
36
 2
34
 2
32
32
 5
27
 2
29
106 North Macedonia
35
 2
37
 2
35
 2
37
 5
42
 3
45
 1
44
 1
43
113 Kazakhstan
34
 3
31
31
 2
29
 1
28
 1
29
 3
26
 2
28
113   Nepal
34
 3
31
31
 2
29
 2
27
 2
29
 2
31
 4
27
113 Philippines
34
 2
36
 2
34
 1
35
35
 3
38
 2
36
 2
34
113 Zambia
34
 1
35
 2
37
 1
38
38
38
38
 1
37
113 Eswatini
34
 4
38
 1
39
 4
43
 4
39
 2
37
113 El Salvador
34
 1
35
 2
33
 3
36
 3
39
39
 1
38
38
119 Sierra Leone
33
 3
30
30
30
 1
29
 2
31
 1
30
 1
31
120 Moldova
32
 1
33
 2
31
 1
30
 3
33
 2
35
35
 1
36
120 Niger
32
 2
34
 1
33
 2
35
 1
34
 1
35
 1
34
 1
33
120 Pakistan
32
 1
33
 1
32
32
 2
30
 1
29
 1
28
 1
27
123 Malawi
31
 1
32
 1
31
31
31
 2
33
 4
37
37
123 Bolivia
31
 2
29
 4
33
33
 1
34
 1
35
 1
34
34
123 Gabon
31
31
 1
32
 3
35
 1
34
 3
37
 3
34
 1
35
126 Djibouti
30
 1
31
31
 1
30
 4
34
34
 2
36
36
126 Kyrgyzstan
30
 1
29
29
 1
28
28
 1
27
 3
24
24
126 Azerbaijan
30
 5
25
 6
31
 1
30
 1
29
29
 1
28
 1
27
126 Ukraine
30
 2
32
 2
30
 1
29
 2
27
 1
26
 1
25
 1
26
130 Laos
29
29
29
 1
30
 5
25
25
 1
26
 5
21
130 Guinea
29
 1
28
 1
27
27
 2
25
25
 1
24
24
130 Myanmar
29
29
 1
30
 2
28
 6
22
 1
21
21
 6
15
130 Mexico
29
 1
28
 1
29
 1
30
 5
35
35
 1
34
34
130 Maldives
29
 2
31
 2
33
 3
36
130 Mali
29
 3
32
 1
31
 1
32
 3
35
 3
32
 4
28
 6
34
130 Togo
29
 1
30
 2
32
32
32
 3
29
29
 1
30
137 Russia
28
28
 1
29
29
29
 2
27
 1
28
28
137 Papua New Guinea
28
28
 1
29
 1
28
 3
25
25
25
25
137 Mauritania
28
 1
27
 1
28
 1
27
 4
31
 1
30
30
 1
31
137 Liberia
28
 4
32
 1
31
 6
37
37
37
 1
38
 3
41
137 Lebanon
28
28
28
28
28
 1
27
 1
28
 2
30
137 Kenya
28
 1
27
 1
28
 2
26
 1
25
25
 2
27
27
137 Uganda
28
 2
26
26
 1
25
25
 1
26
26
3
29
137 Paraguay
28
 1
29
29
 1
30
 3
27
 3
24
24
 1
25
137 Dominican Republic
28
 2
30
 1
29
 2
31
 2
33
 1
32
 3
29
 3
32
146 Nigeria
26
 1
27
27
 1
28
 2
26
 1
27
 2
25
 2
27
146 Mozambique
26
 3
23
 2
25
 2
27
 4
31
31
 1
30
 1
31
146 Guatemala
26
 1
27
 1
28
28
28
 4
32
 3
29
 4
33
146 Iran
26
 2
28
 2
30
 1
29
 2
27
27
 2
25
 3
28
146 Angola
26
 7
19
19
 1
18
 3
15
 4
19
 4
23
 1
22
146 Bangladesh
26
26
 2
28
 2
26
 1
25
25
 2
27
 1
26
146 Honduras
26
 3
29
29
 1
30
 1
31
 2
29
 3
26
 2
28
153 Cameroon
25
25
25
 1
26
 1
27
27
 2
25
 1
26
153 Central African Republic
25
 1
26
 3
23
 3
20
 4
24
24
 1
25
 1
26
153 Uzbekistan
25
 2
23
 1
22
 1
21
 2
19
 1
18
 1
17
17
153 Tajikistan
25
25
 4
21
 4
25
 1
26
 3
23
 1
22
22
153 Comoros
25
 2
27
27
 3
24
 2
26
26
 2
28
28
158 Zimbabwe
24
 2
22
22
22
 1
21
21
21
 1
20
158 Madagascar
24
 1
25
 1
24
 2
26
 2
28
28
28
 4
32
160 Eritrea
23
 1
24
 4
20
 2
18
18
18
 2
20
 5
25
161 Nicaragua
22
 3
25
 1
26
26
 1
27
 1
28
28
 1
29
162 Chad
20
 1
19
 1
20
20
 2
22
22
 3
19
19
162 Cambodia
20
20
 1
21
21
21
21
 1
20
 2
22
162 Iraq
20
 2
18
18
 1
17
 1
16
16
16
 2
18
165 Turkmenistan
19
 1
20
 1
19
 3
22
 4
18
 1
17
17
17
165 Republic of the Congo
19
19
 2
21
 1
20
 3
23
23
 1
22
 4
26
165 Burundi
19
 2
17
 5
22
 2
20
 1
21
 1
20
 1
21
 2
19
168 Haiti
18
 2
20
 2
22
 2
20
 3
17
 2
19
19
19
168 Democratic Republic of the Congo
18
 2
20
 1
21
21
 1
22
22
22
 1
21
168 Libya
18
 1
17
17
 3
14
 2
16
 2
18
 3
15
 6
21
168 Guinea-Bissau
18
 2
16
 1
17
 1
16
 1
17
 2
19
19
 6
25
172 North Korea
17
 3
14
 3
17
 5
12
 4
8
8
8
8
173 Sudan
16
16
16
 2
14
 2
12
 1
11
11
 2
13
173 Afghanistan
16
16
 1
15
15
 4
11
 1
12
 4
8
8
173 Equatorial Guinea
16
16
 1
17
 2
19
 1
20
173 Venezuela
16
 2
18
18
 1
17
17
 2
19
 1
20
 1
19
177 Yemen
15
 1
14
 2
16
 2
14
 4
18
 1
19
 1
18
 5
23
178 Syria
13
13
 1
14
 1
13
 5
18
 2
20
 3
17
 9
26
179 South Sudan
12
 1
13
 1
12
 1
11
 4
15
15
 1
14
180 Somalia
9
 1
10
 1
9
 1
10
 2
8
8
8
8

2000–2009

Corruption Perceptions Index table:[32]

# Nation or Territory 2009[46] 2008[47] 2007[48] 2006[49] 2005[50] 2004[51] 2003[52] 2002[53] 2001[54] 2000[55]
Score Δ[lower-roman 1] Score Δ[lower-roman 1] Score Δ[lower-roman 1] Score Δ[lower-roman 1] Score Δ[lower-roman 1] Score Δ[lower-roman 1] Score Δ[lower-roman 1] Score Δ[lower-roman 1] Score Δ[lower-roman 1] Score Δ[lower-roman 1]
1 New Zealand 9.4 9.3 9.4 9.6 1 9.6 9.6 1 9.5 1 9.5 1 9.4 9.4
2 Denmark 9.3 1 9.3 9.4 3 9.5 9.5 1 9.5 9.5 1 9.5 9.5 9.8 1
3 Singapore 9.2 1 9.2 9.3 1 9.4 9.4 9.3 9.4 9.3 1 9.2 2 9.1 1
3 Sweden 9.2 2 9.3 3 9.3 2 9.2 9.2 9.2 9.3 1 9.3 1 9 3 9.4
5  Switzerland 9 9 2 9 9.1 9.1 9.1 1 8.8 4 8.5 8.4 1 8.6 2
6 Finland 8.9 1 9 4 9.4 9.6 1 9.6 1 9.7 9.7 9.7 9.9 10 1
6 Netherlands 8.9 1 8.9 9 2 8.7 2 8.6 1 8.7 3 8.9 9 1 8.8 1 8.9 1
8 Canada 8.7 1 8.7 8.7 5 8.5 8.4 2 8.5 1 8.7 4 9 8.9 2 9.2
8 Iceland 8.7 1 8.9 1 9.2 5 9.6 9.7 2 9.5 1 9.6 2 9.4 9.2 2 9.1 1
8 Australia 8.7 1 8.7 2 8.6 2 8.7 8.8 8.8 1 8.8 3 8.6 8.5 2 8.3 1
11 Norway 8.6 3 7.9 5 8.7 1 8.8 8.9 8.9 8.8 4 8.5 2 8.6 4 9.1 3
12 Luxembourg 8.2 1 8.3 1 8.4 1 8.6 2 8.5 8.4 2 8.7 4 9 2 8.7 2 8.6
12 Hong Kong 8.2 8.1 2 8.3 1 8.3 8.3 1 8 2 8 8.2 7.9 1 7.7
14 Ireland 8 2 7.7 1 7.5 1 7.4 1 7.4 2 7.5 1 7.5 5 6.9 5 7.5 1 7.2 4
14 Germany 8 7.9 2 7.8 8 8.2 1 8.2 1 7.7 2 7.3 2 7.4 3 7.6 3
16 Austria 7.9 4 8.1 3 8.1 4 8.6 1 8.7 3 8.4 1 8 1 7.8 7.8 7.7 2
17 United Kingdom 7.7 1 7.7 4 8.4 1 8.6 8.6 8.6 8.7 1 8.7 3 8.3 3 8.7 3
17 Japan 7.7 1 7.3 1 7.5 7.6 4 7.3 3 6.9 3 7 1 7.1 1 7.1 2 6.4 2
19 United States 7.5 1 7.3 2 7.2 7.3 3 7.6 7.5 1 7.5 2 7.7 7.6 2 7.8 4
20 Barbados 7.4 2 7 1 6.9 1 6.7 6.9 3 7.3— — — — —
21 Belgium 7.1 3 7.3 3 7.1 1 7.3 1 7.4 2 7.5 7.6 3 7.1 4 6.6 1 6.1 4
22 Qatar 7 6 6.5 4 6 6 5.9 6 5.2 6 5.6— — — —
22 Saint Lucia 7 1 7.1 3 6.8— — — — — — — —
24 France 6.9 1 6.9 4 7.3 1 7.4 7.5 4 7.1 1 6.9 2 6.3 2 6.7 2 6.7 1
25 Chile 6.7 2 6.9 1 7 2 7.3 1 7.3 1 7.4 7.4 3 7.5 1 7.5 7.4 1
25 Uruguay 6.7 2 6.9 2 6.7 3 6.4 4 5.9 4 6.2 5 5.5 1 5.1 3 5.1 6 —
27 Slovenia 6.6 1 6.7 1 6.6 1 6.4 3 6.1 6 2 5.9 2 6 7 5.2 6 5.5 3
27 Estonia 6.6 6.6 1 6.5 4 6.7 3 6.4 4 6 2 5.5 4 5.6 1 5.6 1 5.7
27 Cyprus 6.6 4 6.4 8 5.3 2 5.6 5.7 1 5.4 9 6.1— — — —
30 United Arab Emirates 6.5 5 5.9 1 5.7 3 6.2 1 6.2 1 6.1 8 5.2— — — —
31 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 6.4 3 6.5 2 6.1— — — — — — — —
32 Israel 6.1 1 6 3 6.1 4 5.9 6 6.3 2 6.4 5 7 3 7.3 2 7.6 6 6.6 2
32 Spain 6.1 4 6.5 3 6.7 2 6.8 7 1 7.1 1 6.9 3 7.1 2 7 2 7 2
34 Dominica 5.9 1 6 4 5.6 16 4.5— — — — — — —
35 Portugal 5.8 3 6.1 4 6.5 2 6.6 6.5 1 6.3 2 6.6 6.3 6.3 2 6.4 2
35 Puerto Rico 5.8 1 5.8— — — — — — — — —
37 Botswana 5.6 1 5.8 2 5.4 1 5.6 5 5.9 1 6 1 5.7 6 6.4 2 6 6 2
37 Taiwan 5.6 2 5.7 5 5.7 5.9 2 5.9 3 5.6 5 5.7 1 5.6 2 5.9 1 5.5
39 Oman 5.5 2 5.5 12 4.7 14 5.4 11 6.3 1 6.1 3 6.3— — — —
39 Brunei Darussalam 5.5— — — — — — — — — —
39 South Korea 5.5 1 5.6 3 5.1 1 5.1 2 5 7 4.5 3 4.3 10 4.5 2 4.2 6 4 2
42 Mauritius 5.4 1 5.5 12 4.7 11 5.1 9 4.2 3 4.1 6 4.4 8 4.5 4.5 3 4.7 1
43 Costa Rica 5.3 4 5.1 1 5 9 4.1 4 4.2 10 4.9 9 4.3 10 4.5 4.5 10 5.4 2
43 Macao 5.3 5.4 9 5.7 8 6.6— — — — — — —
45 Malta 5.2 9 5.8 3 5.8 5 6.4 3 6.6 6.8— — — — —
46 Bahrain 5.1 3 5.4 3 5 10 5.7 5.8 2 5.8 7 6.1— — — —
46 Cape Verde 5.1 1 5.1 2 4.9— — — — — — — —
46 Hungary 5.1 1 5.1 8 5.3 2 5.2 1 5 2 4.8 2 4.8 7 4.9 2 5.3 —
49 Jordan 5 2 5.1 6 4.7 13 5.3 3 5.7 5.3 6 4.6 3 4.5 3 4.9 2 4.6 2
49 Poland 5 9 4.6 3 4.2 3.7 9 3.4 3 3.5 3 3.6 19 4 1 4.1 1 4.1 1
49 Bhutan 5 4 5.2 1 5 14 6— — — — — — —
52 Lithuania 4.9 6 4.6 7 4.8 5 4.8 2 4.8 4.6 3 4.7 5 4.8 2 4.8 5 4.1 7
52 Czech Republic 4.9 7 5.2 4 5.2 5 4.8 1 4.3 4 4.2 3 3.9 2 3.7 5 3.9 5 4.3 3
54 Seychelles 4.8 1 4.8 2 4.5 6 3.6 8 4 7 4.4— — — — —
55 South Africa 4.7 1 4.9 11 5.1 8 4.6 5 4.5 2 4.6 4 4.4 12 4.8 2 4.8 4 5
56 Namibia 4.5 5 4.5 4 4.5 2 4.1 8 4.3 7 4.1 13 4.7 13 5.7 2 5.4 5.4 1
56 Samoa 4.5 6 4.4 5 4.5— — — — — — — —
56 Slovakia 4.5 4 5 3 4.9 4.7 2 4.3 10 4 2 3.7 7 3.7 1 3.7 1 3.5 1
56 Latvia 4.5 4 5 1 4.8 2 4.7 2 4.2 6 4 3.8 5 3.7 7 3.4 2 3.4 1
56 Malaysia 4.5 9 5.1 4 5.1 1 5 5 5.1 5 2 5.2 4 4.9 3 5 4.8 4
61 Turkey 4.4 3 4.6 6 4.1 4 3.8 5 3.5 12 3.2 3.1 13 3.2 10 3.6 4 3.8 4
61 Cuba 4.4 4 4.3 4 4.2 5 3.5 7 3.8 3 3.7 19 4.6— — — —
63 Saudi Arabia 4.3 17 3.5 1 3.4 9 3.3 3.4 1 3.4 25 4.5— — — —
63 Italy 4.3 8 4.8 14 5.2 4 4.9 5 5 2 4.8 7 5.3 4 5.2 2 5.5 10 4.6 1
65 Tunisia 4.2 3 4.4 1 4.2 10 4.6 8 4.9 4 5 4.9 3 4.8 5 5.3 1 5.2 2
66 Georgia 4.1 1 3.9 12 3.4 20 2.8 31 2.3 3 2 9 1.8 39 2.4 1 — —
66 Kuwait 4.1 1 4.3 5 4.3 14 4.8 1 4.7 1 4.6 9 5.3— — — —
66 Croatia 4.1 4 4.4 2 4.1 5 3.4 1 3.4 3 3.5 8 3.7 8 3.8 4 3.9 4 3.7 23
— Fiji — — — — 455 — — — — —
69 Ghana 3.9 2 3.9 2 3.7 1 3.3 5 3.5 1 3.6 6 3.3 20 3.9 9 3.4 7 3.5 11
69 Montenegro 3.9 16 3.4 1 3.3— — — — — — — —
71 Bulgaria 3.8 1 3.6 8 4.1 7 4 2 4 1 4.1 3.9 9 4 2 3.9 5 3.5 11
71 Greece 3.8 14 4.7 1 4.6 2 4.4 7 4.3 2 4.3 1 4.3 6 4.2 2 4.2 7 4.9 1
71 Romania 3.8 1 3.8 1 3.7 15 3.1 1 3 2 2.9 4 2.8 6 2.6 8 2.8 1 2.9 5
71 FYR Macedonia 3.8 1 3.6 12 3.3 21 2.7 2 2.7 6 2.7 9 2.3 43 — — —
75 Colombia 3.7 5 3.8 2 3.8 9 3.9 4 4 5 3.8 1 3.7 2 3.6 7 3.8 10 3.2 12
75 Peru 3.7 3 3.6 3.5 2 3.3 5 3.5 2 3.5 8 3.7 14 4 1 4.1 3 4.4 1
75 Suriname 3.7 3 3.6 3.5 18 3 12 3.2 29 4.3— — — — —
75 Brazil 3.7 5 3.5 8 3.5 2 3.3 8 3.7 3 3.9 5 3.9 9 4 1 4 3 3.9 4
79 Swaziland 3.6 7 3.6 12 3.3 37 2.5 18 2.7— — — — — —
79 Trinidad and Tobago 3.6 7 3.6 7 3.4 3.2 20 3.8 8 4.2 8 4.6 10 4.9 2 5.3— —
79 China 3.6 7 3.6 3.5 2 3.3 8 3.2 7 3.4 5 3.4 7 3.5 2 3.5 6 3.1 5
79 Burkina Faso 3.6 1 3.5 25 2.9 26 3.2 9 3.4 5 — — — — 3—
83 Serbia 3.5 2 3.4 6 3.4 11 3— — — — — — —
84 El Salvador 3.4 17 3.9 4 10 4 6 4.2 4.2 8 3.7 3 3.4 8 3.6 11 4.1 6
84 India 3.4 1 3.4 13 3.5 2 3.3 18 2.9 2 2.8 7 2.8 12 2.7 2.7 2 2.8 3
84 Panama 3.4 1 3.4 9 3.2 10 3.1 19 3.5 3 3.7 4 3.4 1 3 16 3.7— —
84 Thailand 3.4 4 3.5 4 3.3 21 3.6 4 3.8 5 3.6 6 3.3 6 3.2 3 3.2 1 3.2 8
84 Guatemala 3.4 12 3.1 15 2.8 2.6 6 2.5 5 2.2 22 2.4 19 2.5 16 2.9 3 —
— Grenada — — 3.4 13 3.566 — — — — — —
89 Malawi 3.3 26 2.8 3 2.7 13 2.7 8 2.8 7 2.8 7 2.8 15 2.9 7 3.2 18 4.1 2
89 Lesotho 3.3 3 3.2 8 3.3 5 3.2 9 3.4— — — — — —
89 Moldova 3.3 20 2.9 2 2.8 32 3.2 9 2.9 26 2.3 14 2.4 7 2.1 30 3.1 11 2.6 1
89 Morocco 3.3 9 3.5 8 3.5 7 3.2 1 3.2 1 3.2 7 3.3 18 3.7 15 — 4.7 8
89 Rwanda 3.3 13 3 9 2.8 10 2.5 38 3.1— — — — — —
89 Mexico 3.3 17 3.6 3.5 2 3.3 5 3.5 1 3.6 3.6 7 3.6 6 3.7 8 3.3 1
95 Albania 3.2 10 3.4 20 2.9 6 2.6 15 2.4 18 2.5 16 2.5 11 2.5 3 — —
95 Vanuatu 3.2 14 2.9 11 3.1— — — — — — — —
97 Sri Lanka 3.1 5 3.2 2 3.2 10 3.1 6 3.2 11 3.5 1 3.4 14 3.7— — —
97 Liberia 3.1 41 2.4 12 2.1 13 — 2.2— — — — — —
99 Madagascar 3 14 3.4 9 3.2 10 3.1 13 2.8 15 3.1 6 2.6 10 1.7— — —
99 Tonga 3 39 2.4 37 1.7— — — — — — — —
99 Zambia 3 16 2.8 8 2.6 12 2.6 4 2.6 5 2.6 10 2.5 15 2.6 2 2.6 18 3.4 1
99 Jamaica 3 3 3.1 12 3.3 23 3.7 3 3.6 10 3.3 17 3.8 12 4 5 — —
99 Senegal 3 14 3.4 14 3.6 1 3.3 8 3.2 7 3 9 3.2 10 3.1 1 2.9 13 3.5 6
99 Dominican Republic 3 3 3 3 3 2.8 14 3 2 2.9 17 3.3 11 3.5 4 3.1— —
99 Bosnia and Herzegovina 3 7 3.2 8 3.3 9 2.9 5 2.9 6 3.1 12 3.3— — — —
106 Gabon 2.9 10 3.1 12 3.3 6 3 2 2.9 14 3.3— — — — —
106 Niger 2.9 9 2.8 8 2.6 15 2.3 12 2.4 4 2.2— — — — —
106 Argentina 2.9 3 2.9 4 2.9 12 2.9 4 2.8 11 2.5 16 2.5 22 2.8 13 3.5 5 3.5 19
106 Benin 2.9 10 3.1 22 2.7 3 2.5 33 2.9 11 3.2— — — — —
106 Gambia 2.9 52 1.9 15 2.3 22 2.5 18 2.7 13 2.8 2 2.5— — — —
— Belize — 2.9 10 3 33 3.5 4 3.7 2 3.8 14 4.546 — — —
111 Egypt 2.8 4 2.8 10 2.9 35 3.3 3.4 7 3.2 7 3.3 8 3.4 8 3.6 9 3.1
111 Indonesia 2.8 15 2.6 17 2.3 13 2.4 7 2.2 4 2 11 1.9 26 1.9 8 1.9 3 1.7 11
111 Kiribati 2.8 15 3.1 12 3.3— — — — — — — —
111 Mali 2.8 15 3.1 22 2.7 19 2.8 11 2.9 11 3.2 1 3— — — —
111 Djibouti 2.8 9 3 3 2.9— — — — — — — —
111 Algeria 2.8 19 3.2 7 3 15 3.1 13 2.8 2.7 9 2.6— — — —
111 Togo 2.8 10 2.7 22 2.3 13 2.4— — — — — — —
111 Sao Tome and Principe 2.8 10 2.7 3 2.7— — — — — — — —
111 Solomon Islands 2.8 2 2.9 2 2.8— — — — — — — —
— Serbia and Montenegro — — — — 2.8 2.7 9 2.3106 — — —
120 Ethiopia 2.7 6 2.6 12 2.4 8 2.4 7 2.2 23 2.3 22 2.5 33 3.5 1 — 3.2—
120 Kazakhstan 2.7 25 2.2 5 2.1 39 2.6 4 2.6 15 2.2 22 2.4 12 2.3 17 2.7 6 3 19
120 Mongolia 2.7 18 3 3 3 2.8 14 3 3 42 — — — —
120 Vietnam 2.7 1 2.7 2 2.6 12 2.6 4 2.6 5 2.6 2 2.4 15 2.4 10 2.6 1 2.5 1
120 Bolivia 2.7 18 3 3 2.9 2.7 12 2.5 5 2.2 16 2.3 17 2.2 5 2 13 2.7 9
120 Armenia 2.7 11 2.9 10 3 6 2.9 5 2.9 6 3.1 4 3 2 — — 2.5 4
126 Guyana 2.6 2.6 3 2.6 2 2.5 4 2.5— — — — — —
126 Eritrea 2.6 2.6 15 2.8 18 2.9 14 2.6 5 2.6— — — — —
126 Syria 2.6 21 2.1 9 2.4 45 2.9 23 3.4 1 3.4 5 3.4— — — —
126 Tanzania 2.6 24 3 8 3.2 1 2.9 5 2.9 2 2.8 2 2.5 21 2.7 11 2.2 6 2.5 17
— Palestine — — — — 2.6 1 2.5 30 378 — — —
130 Lebanon 2.5 28 3 3 3 36 3.6 20 3.1 14 2.7 19 3— — — —
130 Libya 2.5 4 2.6 5 2.5 26 2.7 12 2.5 9 2.5 10 2.1— — — —
130 Honduras 2.5 4 2.6 5 2.5 10 2.5 14 2.6 7 2.3 8 2.3 35 2.7 2.7 23 —
130 Mauritania 2.5 15 2.8 8 2.6 39 3.1— — — — — — —
130 Mozambique 2.5 4 2.6 15 2.8 12 2.8 2 2.8 7 2.8 4 2.7 5 — — 2.2 25
130 Nicaragua 2.5 4 2.5 11 2.6 12 2.6 4 2.6 10 2.7 9 2.6 7 2.5 4 2.4 7 —
130 Nigeria 2.5 9 2.7 26 2.2 5 2.2 10 1.9 8 1.6 12 1.4 31 1.6 11 1 1.2 8
130 Maldives 2.5 15 2.8 31 3.3— — — — — — — —
130 Uganda 2.5 4 2.6 15 2.8 6 2.7 12 2.5 15 2.6 11 2.2 20 2.1 5 1.9 8 2.3 7
139 Bangladesh 2.4 8 2.1 15 2 6 2 2 1.7 13 1.5 12 1.3 31 1.2 11 0.4 40 —
139 Pakistan 2.4 5 2.5 4 2.4 4 2.2 2 2.1 15 2.1 37 2.5 15 2.6 2 2.3 8 —
139 Philippines 2.4 2 2.3 10 2.5 10 2.5 4 2.5 15 2.6 10 2.5 15 2.6 12 2.9 4 2.8 15
139 Belarus 2.4 12 2 1 2.1 1 2.1 44 2.6 33 3.3 21 4.2 17 4.8 7 — 4.1 15
143   Nepal 2.3 22 2.7 10 2.5 10 2.5 4 2.5 27 2.8— — — — —
143 Comoros 2.3 9 2.5 11 2.6— — — — — — — —
143 Azerbaijan 2.3 15 1.9 8 2.1 20 2.4 7 2.2 3 1.9 16 1.8 29 2 11 2 3 1.5 9
146 Cameroon 2.2 5 2.3 3 2.4 2.3 1 2.2 8 2.1 5 1.8 35 2.2 5 2 2 15
146 Ecuador 2.2 5 2 1 2.1 12 2.3 21 2.5 5 2.4 1 2.2 24 2.2 10 2.3 5 2.6 8
146 Russia 2.2 1 2.1 4 2.3 22 2.5 5 2.4 36 2.8 4 2.7 15 2.7 8 2.3 3 2.1
146 Sierra Leone 2.2 12 1.9 8 2.1 8 2.2 16 2.4 12 2.3 1 2.2— — — —
146 Ukraine 2.2 12 2.5 16 2.7 19 2.8 8 2.6 15 2.2 16 2.3 21 2.4 2 2.1 4 1.5 12
146 Zimbabwe 2.2 20 1.8 16 2.1 20 2.4 23 2.6 7 2.3 8 2.3 35 2.7 6 2.9 3 20
146 Kenya 2.2 1 2.1 3 2.1 8 2.2 2 2.1 15 2.1 7 1.9 26 1.9 12 2 2 2.1 8
146 Timor Leste 2.2 1 2.2 22 2.6 12 2.6— — — — — — —
154 Papua New Guinea 2.1 3 2 11 2 32 2.4 2.3 28 2.6 16 2.1— — — —
154 Paraguay 2.1 16 2.4 2.4 27 2.6 33 2.1 4 1.9 11 1.6 31 1.7 8 — —
154 Yemen 2.1 13 2.3 10 2.5 20 2.6 8 2.7 9 2.4 24 2.6— — — —
154 Ivory Coast 2.1 3 2 1 2.1 1 2.1 1 1.9 19 2 15 2.1 47 2.7 6 2.4 6 2.7 4
158 Cambodia 2 8 1.8 4 2 11 2.1 21 2.3— — — — — —
158 Central African Republic 2 7 2 11 2 32 2.4— — — — — — —
158 Tajikistan 2 7 2 1 2.1 8 2.2 2 2.1 11 2 9 1.8— — — —
158 Laos 2 7 2 17 1.9 57 2.6 34 3.3— — — — — —
162 Angola 1.9 4 1.9 11 2.2 5 2.2 9 2 18 2 9 1.8 26 1.7 13 — 1.7—
162 Guinea-Bissau 1.9 4 1.9 11 2.2— — — — — — — —
162 Kyrgyzstan 1.9 4 1.8 16 2.1 8 2.2 12 2.3 8 2.2 4 2.1 31 — — —
162 Venezuela 1.9 4 1.9 4 2 24 2.3 8 2.3 16 2.3 14 2.4 19 2.5 12 2.8 2 2.7 4
162 Democratic Republic of the Congo 1.9 9 1.7 3 1.9 12 2 12 2.1 11 2— — — — —
162 Republic of the Congo 1.9 4 1.9 8 2.1 8 2.2 12 2.3 16 2.3 1 2.2— — — —
168 Equatorial Guinea 1.8 3 1.7 3 1.9 17 2.1 1 1.9— — — — — —
168 Guinea 1.8 5 1.6 5 1.9 8 1.9— — — — — — —
168 Iran 1.8 27 2.3 10 2.5 26 2.7 17 2.9 1 2.9 9 3— — — —
168 Turkmenistan 1.8 2 1.8 4 2 20 2.2 13 1.8 22 2— — — — —
168 Burundi 1.8 10 1.9 27 2.5 1 2.4 2.3— — — — — —
168 Haiti 1.8 9 1.4 1.6 14 1.8 8 1.8 10 1.5 14 1.5 42 2.2— — —
174 Uzbekistan 1.7 8 1.8 9 1.7 24 2.1 14 2.2 23 2.3 14 2.4 32 2.9 3 2.7 8 2.4 15
175 Chad 1.6 2 1.6 1 1.8 16 2 2 1.7 16 1.7— — — — —
176 Iraq 1.5 2 1.3 1.5 18 1.9 23 2.2 8 2.1 16 2.2— — — —
176 Sudan 1.5 3 1.6 1 1.8 16 2 12 2.1 22 2.2 16 2.3— — — —
178 Myanmar 1.4 1.3 1 1.4 19 1.9 5 1.8 13 1.7 13 1.6— — — —
179 Afghanistan 1.3 3 1.5 4 1.8 55 — 2.5— — — — — —
— Yugoslavia — — — — — — — — — 1.3 1
180 Somalia 1.1 1 1 1.4 35 — 2.1— — — — — —

1995–1999

Corruption Perceptions Index table:[32]

# Nation or Territory 1999[56] 1998[57] 1997[58] 1996[59] 1995[60]
Score Δ[lower-roman 1] Score Δ[lower-roman 1] Score Δ[lower-roman 1] Score Δ[lower-roman 1] Score
1 Denmark 10 10 9.94 1 9.33 9.32
2 Finland 9.4 9.6 9.48 2 9.05 9.12
3 Sweden 9.4 9.5 9.35 9.08 3 8.87
4 New Zealand 9.4 1 9.4 9.23 3 9.43 9.55
5 Iceland 9.2 9.3— — — —
5 Canada 9.2 1 9.2 1 9.1 8.96 8.87
7 Singapore 9.1 9.1 2 8.66 2 8.8 4 9.26
8 Netherlands 9 9 2 9.03 3 8.71 8.69
9 Norway 8.9 1 9 1 8.92 1 8.87 4 8.61
10  Switzerland 8.9 1 8.9 1 8.61 3 8.76 8.76
11 Luxembourg 8.8 8.7 1 8.61— — —
12 Australia 8.7 1 8.7 3 8.86 2 8.6 3 8.8
13 United Kingdom 8.6 2 8.7 3 8.22 2 8.44 8.57
14 Germany 8 1 7.9 2 8.23 8.27 8.14
15 Hong Kong 7.7 1 7.8 2 7.28 7.01 1 7.12
16 Ireland 7.7 1 8.2 2 8.28 1 8.45— —
17 Austria 7.6 7.5 7.61 1 7.59 7.13
18 United States 7.5 1 7.5 1 7.61 1 7.66 7.79
19 Chile 6.9 1 6.8 3 6.05 2 6.8 7 7.94
20 Israel 6.8 1 7.1 4 7.97 1 7.71— —
21 Portugal 6.7 1 6.5 3 6.97 3 6.53 5.56
22 Spain 6.6 1 6.1 1 5.9 8 4.31 6 4.35
23 France 6.6 1 6.7 1 6.66 1 6.96 1 7
24 Botswana 6.1 1 6.1— — — —
25 Japan 6 5.8 4 6.57 4 7.05 3 6.72
26 Slovenia 6— — — — —
27 Estonia 5.7 1 5.7— — — —
28 Taiwan 5.6 1 5.3 2 5.02 2 4.98 4 5.08
29 Namibia 5.3 5.3— — — —
29 Belgium 5.3 1 5.4 2 5.25 6 6.84 1 6.85
31 Hungary 5.2 2 5 5 5.18 3 4.86 3 4.12
32 Costa Rica 5.1 5 5.6 5 6.45— — —
32 Malaysia 5.1 3 5.3 3 5.01 6 5.32 3 5.28
34 South Africa 5 2 5.2 1 4.95 10 5.68 2 5.62
34 Tunisia 5 1 5— — — —
36 Mauritius 4.9 3 5— — — —
36 Greece 4.9 4.9 11 5.35 3 5.01 2 4.04
38 Italy 4.7 1 4.6 9 5.03 4 3.42 1 2.99
39 Czech Republic 4.6 2 4.8 10 5.2 2 5.37— —
40 Peru 4.5 1 4.5— — — —
41 Uruguay 4.4 1 4.3 13 4.14— — —
41 Jordan 4.4 3 4.7 8 — 4.89— —
43 Mongolia 4.3— — — — —
44 Poland 4.2 5 4.6 10 5.08 5 5.57— —
45 Morocco 4.1 5 3.7— — — —
45 Brazil 4.1 1 4 10 3.56 4 2.96 3 2.7
45 Zimbabwe 4.1 2 4.2— — — —
45 Malawi 4.1 4.1— — — —
49 El Salvador 3.9 2 3.6— — — —
50 Jamaica 3.8 1 3.8— — — —
50 South Korea 3.8 7 4.2 9 4.29 7 5.02 4.29
50 Lithuania 3.8— — — — —
53 Slovak Republic 3.7 6 3.9— — — —
54 Philippines 3.6 1 3.3 15 3.05 4 2.69 8 2.77
54 Turkey 3.6 3.4 16 3.21 5 3.54 4 4.1
56 Mozambique 3.5— — — — —
56 Zambia 3.5 4 3.5— — — —
58 China 3.4 6 3.5 11 2.88 9 2.43 10 2.16
58 Belarus 3.4 11 3.9— — — —
58 Mexico 3.4 3 3.3 8 2.66 9 3.3 6 3.18
58 Latvia 3.4 13 2.7— — — —
58 Senegal 3.4 3 3.3— — — —
63 Ghana 3.3 8 3.3— — — —
63 Romania 3.3 2 3 24 3.44— — —
63 Egypt 3.3 3 2.9 25 — 2.84— —
63 Bulgaria 3.3 3 2.9— — — —
63 FYR Macedonia 3.3— — — — —
68 Thailand 3.2 7 3 22 3.06 2 3.33 3 2.79
68 Guatemala 3.2 9 3.1— — — —
70 Nicaragua 3.1 9 3— — — —
71 Argentina 3 10 3 19 2.81 7 3.41 11 5.24
72 India 2.9 6 2.9 21 2.75 1 2.63 11 2.78
72 Colombia 2.9 7 2.2 29 2.23 8 2.73 11 3.44
74 Croatia 2.7— — — — —
75 Moldova 2.6— — — — —
75 Vietnam 2.6 1 2.5 31 2.79— — —
75 Venezuela 2.6 2 2.3 33 2.77 4 2.5 10 2.66
75 Ukraine 2.6 6 2.8— — — —
75 Ivory Coast 2.6 16 3.1— — — —
80 Bolivia 2.5 11 2.8 18 2.05 15 3.4— —
80 Armenia 2.5— — — — —
82 Ecuador 2.4 5 2.3 38 — 3.19— —
82 Russia 2.4 6 2.4 27 2.27 2 2.58— —
84 Kazakhstan 2.3— — — — —
84 Albania 2.3— — — — —
84 Georgia 2.3— — — — —
— Bangladesh — — — 2.2951 —
87 Kyrgyz Republic 2.2— — — — —
87 Uganda 2.2 14 2.6 30 — 2.71— —
87 Pakistan 2.2 16 2.7 23 2.53 5 1 14 2.25
90 Paraguay 2 6 1.5— — — —
90 Yugoslavia 2 29 3— — — —
90 Kenya 2 16 2.5 22 — 2.21— —
93 Tanzania 1.9 12 1.9— — — —
94 Uzbekistan 1.8— — — — —
94 Honduras 1.8 11 1.7— — — —
96 Indonesia 1.7 16 2 34 2.72 1 2.65 4 1.94
96 Azerbaijan 1.7— — — — —
98 Nigeria 1.6 17 1.9 29 1.76 2 0.69— —
99 Cameroon 1.5 14 1.4 36 — 2.46— —

Transnational Corruption in States with High CPI Scores

The advanced economies of Northern and Western Europe, North America, and Asia and the Pacific tend to top the rankings over the long term. This means that these countries are perceived as having a low level of corruption in the public sector. These nations also generally have well-functioning judicial systems, a strong rule of law, and political stability – all factors that contribute to perceptions of clean governance. However, while these top-ranked countries have strong domestic institutions, their commitment to fighting corruption appears to be weak when it comes to their own financial systems and regulations affecting the international environment.[61] The CPI doesn't capture transnational corruption, so corrupt foreign business practices by companies from these countries don't affect their CPI scores. The example of the Netherlands highlights this issue. Despite a high CPI score, the Netherlands has a poor record of prosecuting companies that bribe foreign officials to win contracts, as seen in the Nigerian oil bribery case.[62]

The report Exporting Corruption 2022,[63] which assesses foreign bribery enforcement in 43 of the 44 signatories to the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention, as well as China, ZAO Hong Kong, India and Singapore, reinforces this concern. It found a significant decline in foreign bribery enforcement, only two out of 47 countries are now in active enforcement category. Other key findings were that no country is exempt from bribery by its nationals and related money laundering. Moreover, according to the report weaknesses remain in legal frameworks and enforcement systems are not adequately disclosed by most countries information on enforcement, victim compensation is rare and international cooperation is increasing still faces significant obstacles. This calls for a more comprehensive approach to tackling corruption, addressing both domestic and international aspects.

See also

Footnotes
  1. Change in Rank (not Score).

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