Hainaut (Chamber of Representatives constituency)

Hainaut (Dutch: Henegouwen; German: Hennegau) is one of the 11 multi-member constituencies of the Chamber of Representatives, the lower house of the Belgian Federal Parliament, the national legislature of Belgium. The constituency was established in 2003 following the re-organisation of constituencies across Belgium along provincial lines. It is conterminous with the province of Hainaut. The constituency currently elects 18 of the 150 members of the Chamber of Representatives using the open party-list proportional representation electoral system. At the 2019 federal election the constituency had 942,789 registered electors.

Hainaut
Henegouwen
Hennegau
Constituency
for the Chamber of Representatives
Location of Hainaut within Belgium
ProvinceHainaut
RegionWallonia
Population1,356,895 (2023)[1]
Electorate942,789 (2019)
Area3,813 km2 (2023)[2]
Current Constituency
Created2003
Seats
List
  • 18 (2014–present)
  • 19 (2003–2014)
Members[3]
List
  •   Hugues Bayet (PS)
  •   Roberto d'Amico (PTB)
  •   Denis Ducarme (MR)
  •   Catherine Fonck (Engagés)
  •   Laurence Hennuy (Ecolo)
  •   Leslie Leoni (PS)
  •   Marie-Christine Marghem (MR)
  •   Louis Mariage (Ecolo)
  •   Sofie Merckx (PTB)
  •   Özlem Özen (PS)
  •   Patrick Prévot (PS)
  •   Daniel Senesael (PS)
  •   Caroline Taquin (MR)
  •   Éric Thiébaut (PS)
  •   Philippe Tison (PS)
  •   Marco Van Hees (PTB)
  •   Albert Vicaire (Ecolo)
  •   Laurence Zanchetta (PS)
Created from
List

Electoral system

Hainaut currently elects 18 of the 150 members of the Chamber of Representatives using the open party-list proportional representation electoral system.[4][5] Seats are allocated using the D'Hondt method.[6][7] Only parties that reach the 5% threshold in the constituency compete for seats.[8][9]

Election results

Summary
ElectionWorkers
PTB		Ecolo
Ecolo		Socialists
PS		Democratic Federalists
DéFI / FDF		Reformists
MR		Les Engagés
Engagés / CDH		Chez Nous
Chez Nous / PP		National Front
FN
Votes %SeatsVotes %SeatsVotes %SeatsVotes %SeatsVotes %SeatsVotes %SeatsVotes %SeatsVotes %Seats
2024103,33913.97%336,7504.97%0213,50128.86%615,1892.05%0192,75926.05%5114,55915.48%322,0392.98%0
2019114,24315.64%389,89812.30%3250,14634.24%827,4843.76%0116,52815.95%358,6958.03%124,7193.38%0
201438,1945.17%143,4885.89%1303,08541.04%914,3821.95%0153,30120.76%576,81210.40%232,1584.35%0
201012,1361.68%067,9939.41%2348,18448.18%11126,60817.52%482,92411.47%219,8522.75%020,1292.79%0
20076,3760.86%078,77710.61%2254,07034.23%7199,85926.93%6104,56514.09%358,4087.87%1
20035,6060.77%046,4006.39%1320,14444.07%10159,48721.96%587,97512.11%252,3327.20%1

(Figures in italics represent alliances.)

2019

Results of the 2019 federal election held on 26 May 2019:[10][11][12]

PartyVotes per arrondissementTotal
Votes		%Seats
AthCharle
-roi		La Lou
-vière		MonsMous
-cron		Soig
-nies		ThuinTournaiExpat
-riates
Socialist PartyPS23,29071,00329,73457,1888,31818,58915,46826,302254250,14634.24%8
Reformist MovementMR16,18626,3058,45520,3835,05911,63911,73616,531234116,52815.95%3
Workers' Party of BelgiumPTB9,20338,39515,16022,4423,6428,6657,0769,59862114,24315.64%3
EcoloEcolo10,64219,7676,45618,4076,4888,3916,39812,96938089,89812.30%3
Humanist Democratic CentreCDH6,54311,7924,42910,6516,2004,3227,7836,8859058,6958.03%1
DéFIDéFI3,9239,6312,2734,0065842,3821,8852,7693127,4843.76%0
People's PartyPP2,3469,0812,1804,4489921,6501,9822,0033724,7193.38%0
Vlaams BelangVB1,4082,0787561,44664456446887668,2461.13%0
Destexhe List8262,6347451,5382181,06361853058,1771.12%0
Citizen CollectiveCC1,6411,8606791,49372951843663067,9921.09%0
Agir4212,2404851,221245429430421245,9160.81%0
The Right3792,1695791,24927841036648065,9160.81%0
Workers' StruggleLO5281,6347911,18733340636648645,7350.78%0
Nation4801,59048772543434628798485,3410.73%0
Communist Party of BelgiumPCB1097021962745893919851,6260.22%0
Valid Votes77,925200,88173,405146,65834,22259,46755,39081,5621,152730,662100.00%18
Rejected Votes7,25623,6128,14415,6905,1315,7165,4109,1789780,2349.89%
Total Polled85,181224,49381,549162,34839,35365,18360,80090,7401,249810,89686.01%
Registered Electors96,112265,62494,020192,35944,50774,11369,701104,6021,751942,789
Turnout88.63%84.52%86.74%84.40%88.42%87.95%87.23%86.75%71.33%86.01%

The following candidates were elected:[12] Hugues Bayet (PS), 14,387 votes; Roberto d'Amico (PTB), 4,552 votes; Ludivine Dedonder (PS), 16,663 votes; Elio Di Rupo (PS), 125,009 votes; Denis Ducarme (MR), 24,959 votes; Catherine Fonck (CDH), 19,333 votes; Marie-Colline Leroy (Ecolo), 8,410 votes; Marie-Christine Marghem (MR), 14,079 votes; Sofie Merckx (PTB), 8,912 votes; Jean-Marc Nollet (Ecolo), 16,676 votes; Özlem Özen (PS), 10,791 votes; Patrick Prévot (PS), 13,615 votes; Daniel Senesael (PS), 11,843 votes; Caroline Taquin (MR), 13,119 votes; Éric Thiébaut (PS), 14,791 votes; Marco Van Hees (PTB), 16,271 votes; Albert Vicaire (Ecolo), 2,818 votes; and Laurence Zanchetta (PS), 7,038 votes.

Substitutions:[13]

  • Jean-Marc Nollet (Ecolo) resigned on 18 September 2019 and was substituted by Laurence Hennuy (Ecolo) on 3 October 2019.
  • Elio Di Rupo (PS) resigned on 19 September 2019 after he was appointed Minister-President of Wallonia and was substituted by Philippe Tison (PS).
  • Ludivine Dedonder (PS) was appointed to the federal government and was substituted by Leslie Leoni (PS) on 1 October 2020.
  • Marie-Colline Leroy (Ecolo) was appointed to the federal government and was substituted by Louis Mariage (Ecolo) on 11 May 2023.

2014

Results of the 2014 federal election held on 25 May 2014:[14][15][16]

PartyVotes per arrondissementTotal
Votes		%Seats
AthCharle
-roi		MonsMous
-cron		Soig
-nies		ThuinTournaiExpat
-riates
Socialist PartyPS22,06091,25867,29211,87141,04736,54432,565448303,08541.04%9
Reformist MovementMR14,34140,41325,4526,81623,43020,33722,257255153,30120.76%5
Humanist Democratic CentreCDH5,39818,21013,9578,30011,17810,2549,4239276,81210.40%2
EcoloEcolo3,38711,3897,9292,9576,7764,5166,40512943,4885.89%1
Workers' Party of BelgiumPTB1,45516,0317,3778115,9844,0752,4431838,1945.17%1
People's PartyPP1,94513,7535,5497544,0544,2791,7952932,1584.35%0
Debout Les Belges!96010,2256,4445822,6772,2051,5132824,6343.34%0
Make Way Clear5735,7293,4106492,1641,7991,1321115,4672.09%0
Francophone Democratic FederalistsFDF9475,1012,7554172,2901,6591,1981514,3821.95%0
The Right3822,2651,265427822920704196,8040.92%0
Pirate4061,3761,0853521,1235131,04485,9070.80%0
Wallonia First2791,928902256613507428134,9260.67%0
Nation1571,19256025152029478943,7670.51%0
Workers' StruggleLO1861,12973420457738832013,5390.48%0
Anti-Sharia PartyP+73947718341861959742,2540.31%0
Rassemblement Wallonie FranceRWF1137294104629530415832,0580.28%0
New Alternative WalloniaNWA776812986615427711731,6730.23%0
Left MovementMG1555682416317819625741,6620.23%0
Walloon FrontFW62920202691421508531,6330.22%0
Walloon RallyRW13956133059133221143121,5980.22%0
Belgische Unie – Union BelgeBUB3619914737134676446880.09%0
General Movement of Young
Disadvantaged Workers		MGJOD30192822148454204600.06%0
Valid Votes53,161224,796147,13935,042104,52589,74582,9791,103738,490100.00%18
Rejected Votes4,46822,85214,4325,0629,3548,2588,69510173,2229.02%
Total Polled57,629247,648161,57140,104113,87998,00391,6741,204811,71287.59%
Registered Electors64,208286,339186,43544,866128,479110,451104,4041,550926,732
Turnout89.75%86.49%86.66%89.39%88.64%88.73%87.81%77.68%87.59%

The following candidates were elected:[16] Philippe Blanchart (PS), 8,860 votes; Christian Brotcorne (CDH), 8,700 votes; Olivier Chastel (MR), 41,921 votes; Paul-Olivier Delannois (PS), 8,271 votes; Laurent Devin (PS), 12,889 votes; Elio Di Rupo (PS), 181,964 votes; Denis Ducarme (MR), 15,142 votes; Jean-Jacques Flahaux (MR), 8,061 votes; Catherine Fonck (CDH), 24,645 votes; Benoît Friart (MR), 8,597 votes; Marie-Christine Marghem (MR), 21,088 votes; Éric Massin (PS), 12,935 votes; Jean-Marc Nollet (Ecolo), 7,936 votes; Özlem Özen (PS), 11,961 votes; Daniel Senesael (PS), 16,113 votes; Éric Thiébaut (PS), 12,935 votes; Marco Van Hees (PTB), 5,488 votes; and Fabienne Winckel (PS), 8,899 votes.

Substitutions:[17]

2010

Results of the 2010 federal election held on 13 June 2010:[18][19][20]

PartyVotes per arrondissementTotal
Votes		%Seats
AthCharle
-roi		MonsMous
-cron		Soig
-nies		ThuinTournaiExpat
-riates
Socialist PartyPS24,302110,50578,01511,89046,24041,49035,509233348,18448.18%11
Reformist MovementMR12,07831,65821,3965,56120,47416,31518,983143126,60817.52%4
Humanist Democratic CentreCDH5,55523,29512,4608,39911,64811,13110,3469082,92411.47%2
EcoloEcolo4,69419,78210,8745,00310,3657,4149,69816367,9939.41%2
National FrontFN1,0198,5823,4629282,3782,0441,707920,1292.79%0
People's PartyPP1,3028,0862,6816473,1302,4941,4951719,8522.75%0
Wallonia First8834,7952,2979601,7241,5581,5364213,7951.91%0
Workers' Party of BelgiumPTB6604,7702,5334022,1471,046570812,1361.68%0
National Front+FN+5274,9622,0215571,2921,258934211,5531.60%0
Rassemblement Wallonie FranceRWF5734,6221,9013181,5121,5389381211,4141.58%0
Left Front2591,8881,21123883555944575,4420.75%0
Wallon+W+1556202697721818315611,6790.23%0
Socialist Movement Plus46247163381213585711,0310.14%0
Valid Votes52,053223,812139,28335,018102,08487,38882,374728722,740100.00%19
Rejected Votes3,87421,23611,2694,7568,3407,6417,9326065,1088.26%
Total Polled55,927245,048150,55239,774110,42495,02990,306788787,84887.61%
Registered Electors62,313282,449173,61144,637124,995107,563102,861859899,288
Turnout89.75%86.76%86.72%89.11%88.34%88.35%87.79%91.73%87.61%

The following candidates were elected:[20] Ronny Balcaen (Ecolo), 2,298 votes; Philippe Blanchart (PS), 9,774 votes; Juliette Boulet (Ecolo), 7,192 votes; Christian Brotcorne (CDH), 8,665 votes; Colette Burgeon (PS), 11,828 votes; Olivier Chastel (MR), 30,868 votes; Rudy Demotte (PS), 38,702 votes; Laurent Devin (PS), 12,599 votes; Elio Di Rupo (PS), 203,758 votes; Denis Ducarme (MR), 10,578 votes; Anthony Dufrane (PS), 9,195 votes; Catherine Fonck (CDH), 22,482 votes; Jacqueline Galant (MR), 18,256 votes; Marie-Christine Marghem (MR), 13,559 votes; Patrick Moriau (PS), 15,867 votes; Özlem Özen (PS), 9,687 votes; Franco Seminara (PS), 6,684 votes; Éric Thiébaut (PS), 16,307 votes; and Christiane Vienne (PS), 12,191 votes.

Substitutions:[21]

  • Rudy Demotte (PS) resigned on 18 June 2010 and was substituted by Olivier Henry (PS) on 6 July 2010.
  • Elio Di Rupo (PS) was appointed Prime Minister of Belgium and was substituted by Bruno Van Grootenbrulle (PS) between 7 December 2011 and 9 January 2013; by Laurence Meire (PS) between 10 January 2013 and 17 September 2013; and by Manuella Senecaut (PS) from 17 September 2013.
  • Olivier Chastel (MR) was appointed to the federal government and was substituted by Olivier Destrebecq (MR) on 7 December 2011.
  • Anthony Dufrane (PS) resigned on 3 January 2013 and was substituted by Bruno Van Grootenbrulle (PS).
  • Patrick Moriau (PS) died on 20 July 2013 and was substituted by Laurence Meire (PS) on 17 September 2013.

2007

Results of the 2007 federal election held on 10 June 2007:[22][23]

PartyVotes per arrondissementTotal
Votes		%Seats
AthCharle
-roi		MonsMous
-cron		Soig
-nies		ThuinTournaiExpat
-riates
Socialist PartyPS19,44874,06659,55610,31134,51328,32727,504345254,07034.23%7
Reformist MovementMR16,94357,26434,8868,63330,28924,97726,581286199,85926.93%6
Humanist Democratic CentreCDH6,40230,83218,2518,63713,52514,53512,256127104,56514.09%3
EcoloEcolo4,60725,20914,1524,77110,6149,3319,87821578,77710.61%2
National FrontFN2,59224,33111,4372,5746,7546,4874,2092458,4087.87%1
Communist Party of WalloniaPC5983,6281,9506471,5161,0381,2641310,6541.44%0
Rassemblement Wallonie FranceRWF7153,2972,0493161,1211,42887099,8051.32%0
Workers' Party of BelgiumPTB1262,9231,136771,52442715946,3760.86%0
Wallon1421,349522207467525255313,4980.47%0
Walloon Party1281,150517122475487245153,1390.42%0
National Force (Belgium)1301,22153514235032421882,9280.39%0
Vivant1381,05034612435519234882,5610.35%0
Federal Christian DemocratsCDF15772149514234425434572,4650.33%0
New Belgian FrontFNB11195440412427127621412,3550.32%0
Committee for Another PolicyCAP10436041550227108160101,4340.19%0
Union373771364491908108560.12%0
Rights and Freedoms of CitizensDLC2111113413119362734640.06%0
Valid Votes52,399228,843146,92136,934102,55588,84284,6141,106742,214100.00%19
Rejected Votes3,84520,80611,5124,9528,2227,5707,96211764,9868.05%
Total Polled56,244249,649158,43341,886110,77796,41292,5761,223807,20089.75%
Registered Electors61,066280,807179,09445,698122,479106,083102,7491,380899,356
Turnout92.10%88.90%88.46%91.66%90.45%90.88%90.10%88.62%89.75%

The following candidates were elected:[23] Marie Arena (PS), 20,187 votes; Juliette Boulet (Ecolo), 4,843 votes; Christian Brotcorne (CDH), 11,330 votes; Colette Burgeon (PS), 9,105 votes; Olivier Chastel (MR), 67,180 votes; Patrick Cocriamont (FN), 9,448 votes; Jean-Luc Crucke (MR), 15,406 votes; Rudy Demotte (PS), 28,807 votes; Elio Di Rupo (PS), 138,276 votes; Denis Ducarme (MR), 11,393 votes; Christian Dupont (PS), 11,387 votes; Jean-Jacques Flahaux (MR), 9,156 votes; Catherine Fonck (CDH), 25,685 votes; Jacqueline Galant (MR), 21,743 votes; Marie-Christine Marghem (MR), 18,479 votes; Patrick Moriau (PS), 14,908 votes; Jean-Marc Nollet (Ecolo), 20,362 votes; Véronique Salvi (CDH), 14,647 votes; and Éric Thiébaut (PS), 9,965 votes.

Substitutions:[24]

  • Marie Arena (PS) resigned after she was appointed Minister-President of the French Community and was substituted by Camille Dieu (PS) between 5 July 2007 and 19 July 2007; and by Bruno Van Grootenbrulle (PS) between 9 October 2007 and 20 March 2008.
  • Elio Di Rupo (PS) resigned after he was appointed Minister-President of Wallonia and was substituted by Bruno Van Grootenbrulle (PS) between 5 July 2007 and 20 July 2007.
  • Catherine Fonck (CDH) was appointed to the Government of the French Community and was substituted by David Lavaux (CDH) between 5 July 2007 and 24 June 2009; and by Hélène Couplet-Clément (CDH) between 2 July 2009 and 16 July 2009.
  • Rudy Demotte (PS) resigned after he was appointed Minister-President of Wallonia and Minister-President of the French Community and was substituted by Camille Dieu (PS) between 9 October 2007 and 24 June 2009.
  • Olivier Chastel (MR) was appointed Secretary of State in the federal government and was substituted by Olivier Destrebecq (MR) between 20 March 2008 and 24 June 2009; and by Françoise Colinia (MR) from 2 July 2019.
  • Marie Arena (PS) was appointed to the federal government and was substituted by Bruno Van Grootenbrulle (PS) between 22 March 2008 and 24 June 2009; and by Isabelle Privé (PS) between 25 June 2009 and 16 July 2009.
  • Jean-Luc Crucke (MR) resigned on 23 June 2009 and was substituted by Olivier Destrebecq (MR) on 25 June 2009.
  • Rudy Demotte (PS) resigned on 23 June 2009 and was substituted by Camille Dieu (PS) on 25 June 2009.
  • Elio Di Rupo (PS) resigned on 23 June 2009 and was substituted by Bruno Van Grootenbrulle (PS) on 25 June 2009.
  • Christian Dupont (PS) resigned on 23 June 2009 and was substituted by Philippe Blanchart (PS) on 25 June 2009.
  • Véronique Salvi (CDH) resigned on 23 June 2009 and was substituted by David Lavaux (CDH) on 25 June 2009.
  • Jean-Marc Nollet (Ecolo) was appointed to the Government of Wallonia and was substituted by Ronny Balcaen (Ecolo) on 16 July 2009.

2003

Results of the 2003 federal election held on 18 May 2003:[25][26]

PartyVotes per arrondissementTotal
Votes		%Seats
AthCharle
-roi		MonsMous
-cron		Soig
-nies		ThuinTournaiExpat
-riates
Socialist PartyPS25,369100,97669,75910,81044,13035,01933,780301320,14444.07%10
Reformist MovementMR13,02543,78528,7716,67424,12621,33921,502265159,48721.96%5
Humanist Democratic CentreCDH4,82123,70515,5289,58011,40211,10111,72910987,97512.11%2
National FrontFN2,40422,71610,1382,4335,8955,1703,5522452,3327.20%1
EcoloEcolo2,52313,4929,3663,7936,0564,5966,39517946,4006.39%1
Rassemblement Wallonie FranceRWF6053,1941,9424521,1381,5701,1032210,0261.38%0
VivantVivant4904,1451,1165781,089690966189,0921.25%0
Federal Christian DemocratsCDF5552,2191,2253731,0661,3691,451408,2981.14%0
Vlaams BlokVB5411,5651,1447421,051567578106,1980.85%0
Communist Party of WalloniaPC2162,0431,33322385045248395,6090.77%0
Workers' Party of BelgiumPTB1502,8971,01912871342526685,6060.77%0
Socialist MovementMS64382277383303,2428214,4160.61%0
New Belgian FrontFNB1551,33554545942838234313,6480.50%0
Nation1171,11641547428022546853,1000.43%0
French People United in a National
Action of Co-operation and Emancipation		FRANCE15084872219947727735393,0350.42%0
Liberal ChallengeDL675351535188945861,0520.14%0
Valid Votes51,252224,953143,45337,00799,11986,51883,1091,007726,418100.00%19
Rejected Votes3,96220,72112,8715,2538,4007,7349,41718468,5428.62%
Total Polled55,214245,674156,32442,260107,51994,25292,5261,191794,96090.18%
Registered Electors59,628275,559176,42245,641117,767103,000102,2581,294881,569
Turnout92.60%89.15%88.61%92.59%91.30%91.51%90.48%92.04%90.18%

The following candidates were elected:[27] Marie Arena (PS), 40,747 votes; Chantal Bertouille (MR), 11,671 votes; Colette Burgeon (PS), 10,282 votes; Olivier Chastel (MR), 22,133 votes; Anne-Marie Corbisier-Hagon (CDH), 12,361 votes; Rudy Demotte (PS), 35,384 votes; Camille Dieu (PS), 7,645 votes; Elio Di Rupo (PS), 151,964 votes; Daniel Féret (FN), 8,739 votes; Jacqueline Galant (MR), 11,849 votes; Hervé Hasquin (MR), 28,531 votes; Jean-Pol Henry (PS), 8,667 votes; Marie-Christine Marghem (MR), 9,926 votes; Éric Massin (PS), 6,275 votes; Patrick Moriau (PS), 22,952 votes; Jean-Marc Nollet (Ecolo), 8,564 votes; Sophie Pécriaux (PS), 8,368 votes; Annick Saudoyer (PS), 8,128 votes; and Jean-Jacques Viseur (CDH), 17,660 votes.

Substitutions:[28]

  • Chantal Bertouille (MR) resigned on 21 May 2003 and was substituted by Denis Ducarme (MR).
  • Anne-Marie Corbisier-Hagon (CDH) resigned on 3 June 2003 and was substituted by Catherine Fonck (CDH).
  • Marie Arena (PS) was appointed to the Government of Wallonia and was substituted by Bruno Van Grootenbrulle (PS) between 26 June 2003 and 13 July 2003.
  • Hervé Hasquin (MR) resigned after he was appointed Minister-President of Wallonia and was substituted by Françoise Colinia (MR) between 26 June 2003 and 30 June 2004; and by Alex Tromont (MR) between 8 July 2004 and 18 July 2004.[29]
  • Jean-Marc Nollet (Ecolo) was appointed to the Government of the French Community and was substituted by Gérard Gobert (Ecolo) between 26 June 2003 and 18 July 2004.
  • Marie Arena (PS) was appointed to the federal government and was substituted by Bruno Van Grootenbrulle (PS) between 14 July 2003 and 18 July 2004.
  • Rudy Demotte (PS) was appointed to the federal government and was substituted by Alisson De Clercq (PS) between 14 July 2003 and 18 July 2004.
  • Olivier Chastel (MR) was appointed to the Government of the French Community and was substituted by Jean-Luc Crucke (MR) between 19 February 2004 and 28 June 2004; and by Robert Hondermarcq (MR) between 1 July 2004 and 18 July 2004.
  • Daniel Féret (FN) resigned on 29 June 2004 and was substituted by Patrick Cocriamont (FN) on 1 July 2004.
  • Rudy Demotte (PS) resigned on 19 July 2004 and was substituted by Bruno Van Grootenbrulle (PS) on 21 July 2004.
  • Marie Arena (PS) resigned after she was appointed Minister-President of the French Community and was substituted by Alisson De Clercq (PS) from 21 July 2004.
  • Catherine Fonck (CDH) was appointed to the Government of the French Community and was substituted by Damien Yzerbyt (CDH) between 30 July 2004 and 19 April 2005; and by David Lavaux (CDH) from 21 April 2005.
  • Elio Di Rupo (PS) resigned after he was appointed Minister-President of Wallonia and was substituted by Yvon Harmegnies (PS) on 11 October 2005.

References
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  4. "Election for Belgian Chamber of Representatives". Election Guide. Arlington, U.S.A.: International Foundation for Electoral Systems. Retrieved 5 September 2022.
  5. "Electoral Assistance: ElecData, Compendium of Electoral Data - Belgium". Strasbourg, France: Council of Europe. Retrieved 5 September 2022.
  6. "Belgium: Chambre des Représentants (House of Representatives)". PARLINE database on national parliaments. Geneva, Switzerland: Inter-Parliamentary Union. Retrieved 5 September 2022.
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  16. "Résultat Chambre des Représentants 25 mai 2014 - Circonscription de Hainaut". Résultats électoraux (in French). Brussels, Belgium: Federal Public Service Interior. Retrieved 9 June 2024.
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